Code search has usually been evaluated as first-stage retrieval, even though production systems rely on broader pipelines with reranking and developer-style queries. Existing benchmarks also suffer from data contamination, label noise, and degenerate binary relevance. In this paper, we introduce \textsc{CoREB}, a contamination-limited, multitask \underline{co}de \underline{r}etrieval and r\underline{e}ranking \underline{b}enchmark, together with a fine-tuned code reranker, that goes beyond retrieval to cover the full code search pipeline. \textsc{CoREB} is built from counterfactually rewritten LiveCodeBench problems in five programming languages and delivered as timed releases with graded relevance judgments. We benchmark eleven embedding models and five rerankers across three tasks: text-to-code, code-to-text, and code-to-code. Our experiments reveal that: \circone code-specialised embeddings dominate code-to-code retrieval (${\sim}2{\times}$ over general encoders), yet no single model wins all three tasks; \circtwo short keyword queries, the format closest to real developer search, collapse every model to near-zero nDCG@10; \circthree off-the-shelf rerankers are task-asymmetric, with a 12-point swing on code-to-code and no baseline net-positive across all tasks; \circfour our fine-tuned \textsc{CoREB-Reranker} is the first to achieve consistent gains across all three tasks. The data and model are released.
Explaining how cooperation evolves is a major research programme in the biological and social sciences. In this study, we tested evolutionary theories of human cooperation in a real-world social dilemma: joint liability microfinance, in which groups of borrowers must cooperate to successfully repay a shared loan. We used pre-registered Bayesian multilevel models to estimate meta-analytic associations between loan repayment and proxies of four evolutionary mechanisms proposed to support cooperation: relatedness, reciprocity, partner choice, and punishment. A systematic search of the microfinance literature yielded 73 effect estimates for 11 proxies of evolutionary mechanisms analysed in 11 separate meta-analyses. Punishment-based variables showed the strongest positive meta-analytic associations with loan repayment, with mixed results for other mechanisms. However, estimates varied widely in their certainty, with generally high levels of between-study heterogeneity. Our results provide some evidence for evolutionary mechanisms supporting cooperation in real-world contexts, but also indicate there are non-generalisable findings and/or reproducibility issues in the microfinance literature.
Abstract Since the introduction of the Internet, dramatic changes occurred in the Islamic teaching channels. Some Muslim scholars started using the Internet to convey Islamic knowledge via Islamic Websites rather than using conventional face-to-face teaching. Unfortunately, not all Islamic Websites release authentic and reliable Islamic information. Consequently, the upcoming Muslim generation runs the risk of practicing Islam away from the correct teachings of the Holy Qur’an, true Sunnah, and authentic Sharīʻah principles, which will eventually distort the core principles of the Islamic religion, a significant issue to be considered. Using the quantitative research method, a convenient sample of 100 undergraduate female students at the University Sharjah (UOS) were randomly selected to answer a single-select multiple-choice questionnaire answering this study’s research question: What is your first preferred teaching channel in answering your religious queries: Muslim Scholars or Islamic Websites? Results showed that (41%) of the participants preferred to check Islamic Websites to answer their religious questions, whereas (45%) chose to contact an Imām. We recommend that Muslims should question the authenticity and reliability of the information they read on Islamic Websites before adopting it, by comparing it with other authentic resources; by asking Muslim Scholars/Imams, or by reading authentic Islamic books.
Abstract: We use an analysis of ChatGPT as a starting point for imagining Chat-DeCOL attuned to the values of decoloniality. We root ChatDeCOL in the notion of the pluriverse, which acknowledges the validity of different ways of being in the world, decentering the claims to universality of Western epistemologies. While current artificial intelligence (AI) is problematic because of the social infrastructure within which it is produced, if founded on just principles, AI could make a positive contribution to social justice. Our paper is a thought experiment in tune with critical librarianship and notions of critical design and design fiction. Such practices explore ways to design antisolutionist technologies that challenge current societal arrangements. We start by reflecting on features of ChatGPT that we consider retaining, establishing a principle of "accessibility." We then examine some of the controversies around ChatGPT to ensure that our reimagined service does not reproduce the same failings. We define a principle of "critical dialogue" to contrast to the informational failings of ChatGPT. A second theme revolves around the ethics of the production of the AI. This theme prompts us to define the service as "ethically developed and maintained." Last, we explore the idea that ChatDeCOL could be based on the principle of a commitment to care.
The principle of unjust enrichment came into fruition under English law in the last decade. It is now accepted that the four-stage-test "enrichment", "at the expense", "unjust factor" and "no defences" triggers remedies in restitution. Unjust enrichment resembles Civilian unjustified enrichment in many ways. But it also differs considerably in others, just as do French and German unjustified enrichment. The book aims to explain this.
Introduction. Aphasia is a language impairment that can lead to significant changes in all aspects of life, including information-seeking behaviour. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study exploring how acquiring aphasia impacts information seeking. The study also assesses the applicability of the information behaviour theory of transitions as a framework to explore and understand this life change in the context of information-seeking behaviour. Method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observation of search behaviour of 20 people diagnosed with aphasia. Analysis. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, anonymised and imported into NVivo. The data were examined using thematic analysis. Results. The study found that acquiring aphasia entails significant changes, necessitating the development of new information-seeking behaviour. The findings suggest that creating more inclusive information systems for people with aphasia is possible, with features such as support for word mobilisation and tolerance for spelling errors. Conclusions. Acquiring aphasia led to significant changes in information seeking behaviour. The information behaviour theory of transitions proved useful in identifying information seeking barriers for people with aphasia, as well as providing knowledge on how to support information-seeking behaviour for this cohort.
Sensitivity analysisSensitivity is analyzed by excluding individual studies and recalculating the I and odds ratio values to find the source of the heterogeneity. Country(ies) involvedChina.
AI ntroductionIT he principle of unjust enrichment as keyt or ationalise unjust enrichment in civila nd common lawThis book is about the principle of unjust enrichment.That principle has shaped unjust enrichment in civill awss ince medieval times.It subsequentlye ntered the common law, first via the US in the 20 th ,t hen via England in the2 1 st century.Today, all major civiland common lawjurisdictions contain alaw of unjust enrichment.The Third Restatement accepted it,a sd id theS upreme Court of the UK.While enrichment laws differp rofoundlyi nm anyr espects,t hey share the same roots.The principle of unjust enrichment is the thread along which the storyline will be developed.It provides an ew angle to comparative research and doctrinal analysis.The principle of unjust enrichment has influenced all existing enrichment laws in one wayo ra nother.I ti sr esponsible for the vague and loose terminology of the general enrichment claims we find in jurisdictions like France, Germany, Italy, Spain and now also England: "enrichment"; "at the expense"; "unjust(ified)".These actions cannot be applied by using adictionary.Inorder to determine their content,itisnecessary to getbehind their wording.Anapt test for this proposition is the "stamp case" that Robert Stevens has put forwardi nt he course of his fundamental criticism of unjust enrichment.1 Today, civilian enrichment lawiso ften denominateda s" unjustified "enrichment as opposed to common enrichment lawa s" unjust" enrichment cf.e. g.Goff &J ones,U njust Enrichment, 10 th edn.2022,1-16.B ut that must be questioned (for the reason see below,fn.11 and sub III.).Therefore,a nd also for sake of legibility,t he book will normally address all enrichment laws as unjust enrichment, followingthe seminalworkofEltjo Schrage(ed.
AIM: To synthesise the evidence for effects of optimal breastfeeding on all-cause and infection-related mortality in infants and children aged 0-23 months. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review to compare the effect of predominant, partial or nonbreastfeeding versus exclusive breastfeeding on mortality rates in the first six months of life and effect of no versus any breastfeeding on mortality rates between 6 and 23 months of age. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL and CABI. RESULTS: The risk of all-cause mortality was higher in predominantly (RR 1.5), partially (RR 4.8) and nonbreastfed (RR14.4) infants compared to exclusively breastfed infants 0-5 months of age. Children 6-11 and 12-23 months of age who were not breastfed had 1.8- and 2.0-fold higher risk of mortality, respectively, when compared to those who were breastfed. Risk of infection-related mortality in 0-5 months was higher in predominantly (RR 1.7), partially (RR 4.56) and nonbreastfed (RR 8.66) infants compared to exclusive breastfed infants. The risk was twofold higher in nonbreastfed children when compared to breastfed children aged 6-23 months. CONCLUSION: The findings underscore the importance of optimal breastfeeding practices during infancy and early childhood.
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Monroe and Englehard (1936) suggested that difficulties en countered during the course of practical activities are a plentiful source of problems.Immersion in the search and selection process as an organizer, planner, problem solver, and decision maker heightened an interest and commitment to learn more about the selection of college presidents."A person who pursues problems of genuine importance to his personal growth releases a lot of energy for doing tasks which would otherwise seem heavy and hopeless" (Mooney, 1957).Of interest to the researcher have been the factors, con ditions and events leading to the identification of institutional needs and selection criteria in the search for a new president, identification of institutional needs and selection criteria and the patterns of influence in that process, and the extent of influence of institutional needs and selection criteria in the selection of the president.The researcher recognizes that the area of special ization should be of interest not only to the researcher, but to a significant segment of an educational field.Sox (1968) indicated that the criterion of interest is not sufficient reason for selecting a research problem to investigate.The higher education V literature indicates that there is a growing interest in the problem.The researcher is hopeful that the findings of this investigation will have relevance for small independent colleges faced with the challenge of selecting a new president.
Searching for medical information is both a common and important activity since it influences decisions people make about their healthcare. Using search engine optimization (SEO), content producers seek to increase the visibility of their content. SEO is more likely to be practiced by commercially motivated content producers such as pharmaceutical companies than by non-commercial providers such as governmental bodies. In this study, we ask whether content quality correlates with the presence or absence of SEO measures on a web page. We conducted a user study in which N = 61 participants comprising laypeople as well as experts in health information assessment evaluated health-related web pages classified as either optimized or non-optimized. The subjects rated the expertise of non-optimized web pages as higher than the expertise of optimized pages, justifying their appraisal by the more competent and reputable appearance of non-optimized pages. In addition, comments about the website operators of the non-optimized pages were exclusively positive, while optimized pages tended to receive positive as well as negative assessments. We found no differences between the ratings of laypeople and experts. Since non-optimized, but high-quality content may be outranked by optimized content of lower quality, trusted sources should be prioritized in rankings.
Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in understanding the physicochemical parameters that shape enzyme evolution, as well as substantial advances in computational enzyme design. This review discusses three areas where evolutionary information can be used as part of the design process: (i) using ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) to generate new starting points for enzyme design efforts; (ii) learning from how nature uses conformational dynamics in enzyme evolution to mimic this process in silico; and (iii) modular design of enzymes from smaller fragments, again mimicking the process by which nature appears to create new protein folds. Using showcase examples, we highlight the importance of incorporating evolutionary information to continue to push forward the boundaries of enzyme design studies.
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NDEx, the Network Data Exchange (https://www.ndexbio.org) is a web-based resource where users can find, store, share and publish network models of any type and size. NDEx is integrated with Cytoscape, the widely used desktop application for network analysis and visualization. NDEx and Cytoscape are the pillars of the Cytoscape Ecosystem, a diverse environment of resources, tools, applications and services for network biology workflows. In this article, we introduce researchers to NDEx and highlight how it can simplify common tasks in network biology workflows as well as streamline publication and access to). Finally, we show how NDEx can be used programmatically via Python with the 'ndex2' client library, and point readers to additional examples for other popular programming languages such as JavaScript and R. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Getting started with NDEx Basic Protocol 2: Using NDEx and Cytoscape in a publication-oriented workflow Basic Protocol 3: Manipulating networks in NDEx via Python.
Abstract Hospital Internal Medicine (IM) is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of diseases, providing the comprehensive care in the office and in the hospital, managing both common and complex illnesses of adolescents, adults, and the elderly. IM is a key ward for Health National Services. In Italy, for example, about 17.3% of acute patients are discharged from the IM departments. After the epidemiological transition to chronic/degenerative diseases, patients admitted to hospital are often poly-pathological and so requiring a global approach as in IM. As such transition was not associated—with rare exceptions—to hospital re-organization of beds and workforce, IM wards are often overcrowded, burdened by off-wards patients and subjected to high turnover and discharge pressure. All these factors contribute to amplify some traditional clinical risks for patients and health operators. The aim of our review is to describe several potential errors and their prevention strategies, which should be implemented by physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals working in IM wards.
The purpose of the article is to help users to select appropriate Korean WWW search tools and to retrieve Web documents for their information needs by using them effectively. It analyzes the characteristics, functions, and advantages and disadvatages of each search tool, while search tools are divided broadly by two categories-subject directory services (Kor-seek, DIR, ZIP, Netquest21, Simmany) and keyword search engines (Simmany, Kachine, Jungbotamjung, Anysearch, Unifinder, Webglider, Missdachanni). It provides the selection criteria of search tools for users who have information needs. In addition, the study also attempts to contribute to the improvements in designing Korean WWW search tools, as investigating their shortcomings.
BoorRcvmws more, it allows theology to challenge both reductionist approaches that collapse reality into a single observable stratum and pluralist theories that affrrn the existence of different strata but decline to see them as dependent on each other (226).McGrath closes this chapter with a short and, in my opinion, in- adequate discussion ofthe theological implications of Bhaskar's work.
Solving Antisemitic Hate Speech in Social Media through a Global Approach to Local Action was published in Volume 5 Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds on page 343.
Since the advent of the latest constitutional dispensation in South Africa, legal researchers have been presented with new opportunities for research into constitutional issues, development and the relationship between constitutional law and other fields. This article investigates how information technology applications can support the legal research process and what the benefits of technology are likely to be to legal research. Furthermore, it investigates the changes and the impact that electronic resources and the digital information environment might have on legal research. This entails a study of the unique characteristics of digital legal research and of the challenges that legal researchers face in a changing information environment.