搜索结果：Annals of family medicine

Recent studies indicate that Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 with Vision (GPT-4V) outperforms human physicians in medical challenge tasks. However, these evaluations primarily focused on the accuracy of multi-choice questions alone. Our study extends the current scope by conducting a comprehensive analysis of GPT-4V's rationales of image comprehension, recall of medical knowledge, and step-by-step multimodal reasoning when solving New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) Image Challenges - an imaging quiz designed to test the knowledge and diagnostic capabilities of medical professionals. Evaluation results confirmed that GPT-4V performs comparatively to human physicians regarding multi-choice accuracy (81.6% vs. 77.8%). GPT-4V also performs well in cases where physicians incorrectly answer, with over 78% accuracy. However, we discovered that GPT-4V frequently presents flawed rationales in cases where it makes the correct final choices (35.5%), most prominent in image comprehension (27.2%). Regardless of GPT-4V's high accuracy in multi-choice questions, our findings emphasize the necessity for further in-depth evaluations of its rationales before integrating such multimodal AI m

We consider the classical problem of learning, with arbitrary accuracy, the natural parameters of a $k$-parameter truncated \textit{minimal} exponential family from i.i.d. samples in a computationally and statistically efficient manner. We focus on the setting where the support as well as the natural parameters are appropriately bounded. While the traditional maximum likelihood estimator for this class of exponential family is consistent, asymptotically normal, and asymptotically efficient, evaluating it is computationally hard. In this work, we propose a novel loss function and a computationally efficient estimator that is consistent as well as asymptotically normal under mild conditions. We show that, at the population level, our method can be viewed as the maximum likelihood estimation of a re-parameterized distribution belonging to the same class of exponential family. Further, we show that our estimator can be interpreted as a solution to minimizing a particular Bregman score as well as an instance of minimizing the \textit{surrogate} likelihood. We also provide finite sample guarantees to achieve an error (in $\ell_2$-norm) of $α$ in the parameter estimation with sample compl

Motivated by the commitments from the Talmud in Judaism, we consider the family planning rules which require a couple to get children till certain numbers of boys and girls are reached. For example, the rabbinical school of Beit Hillel says that one boy and one girl are necessary, whereas Beit Shammai urges for two boys. Surprisingly enough, although the corresponding average family sizes differ in both cases, the gender ratios remain constant. We show more that for any family planning rule the gender ratio is equal to the birth odds. The proof of this result is given by using different mathematical techniques, such as induction principle, Doob's optional-stopping theorem, and brute-force. We conclude that, despite possible asymmetries in the religiously motivated family planning rules, they discriminate neither boys nor girls.

Medicine, including fields in healthcare and life sciences, has seen a flurry of quantum-related activities and experiments in the last few years (although biology and quantum theory have arguably been entangled ever since Schrödinger's cat). The initial focus was on biochemical and computational biology problems; recently, however, clinical and medical quantum solutions have drawn increasing interest. The rapid emergence of quantum computing in health and medicine necessitates a mapping of the landscape. In this review, clinical and medical proof-of-concept quantum computing applications are outlined and put into perspective. These consist of over 40 experimental and theoretical studies. The use case areas span genomics, clinical research and discovery, diagnostics, and treatments and interventions. Quantum machine learning (QML) in particular has rapidly evolved and shown to be competitive with classical benchmarks in recent medical research. Near-term QML algorithms have been trained with diverse clinical and real-world data sets. This includes studies in generating new molecular entities as drug candidates, diagnosing based on medical image classification, predicting patient pe

In the paper we formulate and derive the family blowup formula of family Seiberg-Witten invariants. The formula has been used in the enumerative application of counting singular curves on algebraic surfaces. We first give a topological derivation of the formula by using family index theorem. Then we define the algebraic (family) Seiberg-Witten invariants for algebraic surfaces and then give an algebraic derivation of the family blowup formula for the algebraic family Seiberg-Witten invariants.

Based on the interplay of theory and experiment, a large new family of filled group 9 (Co, Rh and Ir) skutterudites is designed and synthesized. The new materials fill the empty cages in the structures of the known binary CoSb3, RhSb3 and IrSb3 skutterudites with alkaline, alkaline earth, and rare earth atoms to create compounds of the type AyB4X12; A atoms fill the cages to a fraction y, B are the group 9 transition metals, and X is a mixture of electronegative main group elements chosen to achieve chemical stability by adjusting the electron counts to electron-precise values. Forty-three new compounds are reported, antimony-tin and phosphorous-silicon based, with 63 compositional variations presented. The new family of compounds is large and general. The results described here can be extended to the synthesis of hundreds of new group 9 filled skutterudites.

Family mementos document events shaping family life, telling a story within and between family members. The elderly collected some mementos for children, but never recorded stories related to those objects. In this paper, in order to understand the status quo of memento storytelling and sharing of elderly people, contextual inquiry was conducted, which further helped us to identify design opportunities and requirements. Resulting design was defined after brainstorm and user consultation, which was Slots- Memento, a system consisting a slot machine-like device used by the elderly and a flash drive used by the young. The Slots machine-like device utilizes with the metaphor of slots machine, which integrates functions of memento photo displaying, story recording, and preservation. In the flash disk, the young could copy memento photos to it. The system aims to facilitate memento story sharing and preservation within family members. Preliminary evaluation and user test were conducted in evaluation section, the results showed that Slots-Memento was understood and accepted by the elderly users. Photos of mementos were easy to recall memories. It enabled the elderly people to be aware of

The last few years have seen rapid progress in transitioning quantum computing from lab to industry. In healthcare and life sciences, more than 40 proof-of-concept experiments and studies have been conducted; an increasing number of these are even run on real quantum hardware. Major investments have been made with hundreds of millions of dollars already allocated towards quantum applications and hardware in medicine. In addition to pharmaceutical and life sciences uses, clinical and medical applications are now increasingly coming into the picture. This chapter focuses on three key use case areas associated with (precision) medicine, including genomics and clinical research, diagnostics, and treatments and interventions. Examples of organizations and the use cases they have been researching are given; ideas how the development of practical quantum computing applications can be further accelerated are described.

A historical record of a seismic tsunami is identified in the Irish annals for October 720 (all dates herein CE). It is contained in the earliest stratum of the annals, which survives in the form of a handful of iterated scribal copies of the foundational text of the tradition. This was compiled by the contemporary observation of noteworthy events for the years c. 563-740 at the monastery of Iona in the Scottish Hebrides. The 720 event is close outside the 2$σ$ radiocarbon terminus ante quem date ranges for tsunami deposits identified at Dury Voe (530-660) and Basta Voe (430-650) in the Shetland Isles, and is identified as a candidate progenitor. The possibility of the existence of associated tsunami deposits in Scotland or on the north coast of Ireland is highlighted.

Cooperative play (co-play) is often positioned as a family-beneficial practice that can strengthen parent-child bonds and support parental mediation in games. Yet co-play in user-generated virtual worlds (UGVWs) can be disrupted by real-time harms that parents cannot easily prevent. Roblox, a platform with millions of user-generated virtual worlds and a large child player base, illustrates this challenge. Prior work on harmful UGVW design highlights risks beyond content problems, including manipulative monetization prompts, unmoderated social interactions, emergent in-world behaviors, and narrative designs that may normalize harmful ideologies. Current governance and moderation approaches, largely adapted from social media, focus on static artifacts and often fail to capture interactive and emergent harms in virtual worlds. This workshop paper asks: how might UGVWs and their platforms be designed to minimize harms that specifically impair family co-play experiences?

Phosphorus (P) is considered to be one of the key elements for life, making it an important element to look for in the abundance analysis of spectra of stellar systems. Yet, there exists only a handful of spectroscopic studies to estimate the P abundances and investigate its trend across a range of metallicities. We have observed full HK band spectra at a spectral resolving power of R=45,000 with IGRINS instrument. Abundances are determined using SME in combination with 1D MARCS stellar atmosphere models. The investigated sample of stars have reliable stellar parameters estimated using optical FIES spectra (GILD; Jönsson et al. in prep.). In order to determine the P abundances from the 16482.92 Angstrom P line, we take special care of the CO($ν=7-4$) blend. We determine the C, N, O abundances from atomic carbon and a range of non-blended molecular lines (CO, CN, OH) which are aplenty in the H band region of K giant stars, assuring an appropriate modelling of the blending CO($ν=7-4$) line. We present [P/Fe] vs [Fe/H] trend for 38 K giant stars in the metallicity range of -1.2 dex $<$ [Fe/H] $<$ 0.4 dex. We find that our trend matches well with the compiled literature sample of

Model Medicine is the science of understanding, diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders in AI models, grounded in the principle that AI models -- like biological organisms -- have internal structures, dynamic processes, heritable traits, observable symptoms, classifiable conditions, and treatable states. This paper introduces Model Medicine as a research program, bridging the gap between current AI interpretability research (anatomical observation) and the systematic clinical practice that complex AI systems increasingly require. We present five contributions: (1) a discipline taxonomy organizing 15 subdisciplines across four divisions -- Basic Model Sciences, Clinical Model Sciences, Model Public Health, and Model Architectural Medicine; (2) the Four Shell Model (v3.3), a behavioral genetics framework empirically grounded in 720 agents and 24,923 decisions from the Agora-12 program, explaining how model behavior emerges from Core--Shell interaction; (3) Neural MRI (Model Resonance Imaging), a working open-source diagnostic tool mapping five medical neuroimaging modalities to AI interpretability techniques, validated through four clinical cases demonstrating imaging, compari

The Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3) contains reflectance spectra at visible wavelengths for 60,518 asteroids over the range between 374-1034 nm, representing a large sample that is well suited to studies of asteroid families. We want to assess the potential of Gaia spectra in identifying asteroid family members. Here, we focus on two L-type families, namely Tirela/Klumpkea and Watsonia. These families are known for their connection to Barbarian asteroids, which are potentially abundant in calcium-aluminum rich inclusions (CAIs). Our method is based (1) on a color taxonomy specifically built on Gaia data and (2) the similarity of spectra of candidate members with the template spectrum of a specific family. We identified objects in the halo of Tirela/Klumpkea, along with possible interlopers. We also found an independent group of eight asteroids erroneously linked to the family by the hierarchical clustering method (HCM). Consequently, the knowledge of the size distribution of the family has been significantly improved, with a more consistent shape at the larger end. The Watsonia family is a more intricate case, mainly due to its smaller size and the less marked difference between the spec

Retrieval shapes how language models access and ground knowledge in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). In historical research, the target is often not an arbitrary relevant passage, but the exact record for a specific regnal month, where temporal consistency matters as much as topical relevance. This is especially challenging for Classical Chinese annals, where time is expressed through terse, implicit, non-Gregorian reign phrases that must be interpreted from surrounding context, so semantically plausible evidence can still be temporally invalid. We introduce \textbf{ChunQiuTR}, a time-keyed retrieval benchmark built from the \textit{Spring and Autumn Annals} and its exegetical tradition. ChunQiuTR organizes records by month-level reign keys and includes chrono-near confounders that mirror realistic retrieval failures. We further propose \textbf{CTD} (Calendrical Temporal Dual-encoder), a time-aware dual-encoder that combines Fourier-based absolute calendrical context with relative offset biasing. Experiments show consistent gains over strong semantic dual-encoder baselines under time-keyed evaluation, supporting retrieval-time temporal consistency as a key prerequisite for fai

3D data from high-resolution volumetric imaging is a central resource for diagnosis and treatment in modern medicine. While the fast development of AI enhances imaging and analysis, commonly used visualization methods lag far behind. Recent research used extended reality (XR) for perceiving 3D images with visual depth perception and touch but used restrictive haptic devices. While unrestricted touch benefits volumetric data examination, implementing natural haptic interaction with XR is challenging. The research question is whether a multisensory XR application with intuitive haptic interaction adds value and should be pursued. In a study, 24 experts for biomedical images in research and medicine explored 3D medical shapes with 3 applications: a multisensory virtual reality (VR) prototype using haptic gloves, a simple VR prototype using controllers, and a standard PC application. Results of standardized questionnaires showed no significant differences between all application types regarding usability and no significant difference between both VR applications regarding presence. Participants agreed to statements that VR visualizations provide better depth information, using the hand

In its broadest definition, systems biology is the application of a `systems' way of thinking about and doing cell biology. By implication, this also invites us to consider a systems approach in the context of medicine and the treatment of disease. In particular, the idea that systems biology can form the basis of a personalised, predictive medicine will require that much closer attention is paid to the analytic properties of the feedback loops which will be set up by a personalised approach to healthcare. To emphasize the role that feedback theory will play in understanding personalised medicine, we use the term feedback medicine to describe the issues outlined.In these notes we consider feedback and control systems concepts applied to two important themes in medical systems biology - personalised medicine and combinatorial intervention. In particular, we formulate a feedback control interpretation for the administration of medicine, and relate them to various forms of medical treatment.

Eccentric planets may spend a significant portion of their orbits at large distances from their host stars, where low temperatures can cause atmospheric CO2 to condense out onto the surface, similar to the polar ice caps on Mars. The radiative effects on the climates of these planets throughout their orbits would depend on the wavelength-dependent albedo of surface CO2 ice that may accumulate at or near apoastron and vary according to the spectral energy distribution of the host star. To explore these possible effects, we incorporated a CO2 ice-albedo parameterization into a one-dimensional energy balance climate model. With the inclusion of this parameterization, our simulations demonstrated that F-dwarf planets require 29% more orbit-averaged flux to thaw out of global water ice cover compared with simulations that solely use a traditional pure water ice-albedo parameterization. When no eccentricity is assumed, and host stars are varied, F-dwarf planets with higher bond albedos relative to their M-dwarf planet counterparts require 30% more orbit-averaged flux to exit a water snowball state. Additionally, the intense heat experienced at periastron aids eccentric planets in exiting

The dynamical evolution of Classical Kuiper Belt Objects (CKBOs) divides into two parts, according to the secular theory of test particle orbits. The first part is a forced oscillation driven by the planets, while the second part is a free oscillation whose amplitude is determined by the initial orbit of the test particle. We extract the free orbital inclinations and free orbital eccentricities from the osculating elements of 125 known CKBOs. The free inclinations of 32 CKBOs strongly cluster about 2 degrees at orbital semi-major axes between 44 and 45 AU. We propose that these objects comprise a collisional family, the first so identified in the Kuiper Belt. Members of this family are plausibly the fragments of an ancient parent body having a minimum diameter of \~800 km. This body was disrupted upon colliding with a comparably sized object, and generated ejecta having similar free inclinations. Our candidate family is dynamically akin to a sub-family of Koronis asteroids located at semi-major axes less than 2.91 AU; both families exhibit a wider range in free eccentricity than in free inclination, implying that the relative velocity between parent and projectile prior to impact l

A previous study of symmetric collisions of massive nuclei has shown that current models of multi-nucleon transfer (MNT) reactions do not adequately describe the transfer product yields. To gain further insight into this problem, we have measured the yields of MNT products in the interaction of 977 (E/A = 4.79 MeV) and 1143 MeV (E/A = 5.60 MeV) $^{204}$Hg with $^{208}$Pb. We find that the yield of multi-nucleon transfer products are similar in these two reactions and are substantially lower than those observed in the reaction of 1257 MeV (E/A = 6.16 MeV) $^{204}$Hg + $^{198}$Pt. We compare our measurements with the predictions of the GRAZING-F, di-nuclear systems (DNS) and improved quantum molecular dynamics (ImQMD) models. For the observed isotopes of the elements Au, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi, the measured values of the MNT cross sections are orders of magnitude larger than the predicted values. Furthermore, the various models predict the formation of nuclides near the N=126 shell, which are not observed.