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The development and implementation of new treatments for knee osteoarthritis in routine practice remains an unmet need. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of a Cetylated Fatty Acids (CFA)-based dietary supplement in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent and difficult-to-treat condition. 60 patients (mean age: 66.0&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;7.7 years, 85% female) with grade 3-4 knee osteoarthritis and a pain intensity of > 4&#x2009;cm on the visual analog scale (VAS) were enrolled and randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either 1.5&#x2009;g of oral CFA or a placebo for 60 days. The primary outcome was the change in pain intensity (VAS), secondary outcomes included changes in range of motion (ROM), in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and the safety profile of the food supplement. After 60 days of CFA assumption, the mean reduction in pain intensity (VAS) was -1.7&#x2009;cm (95% CI [-2.0, -1.4]), showing a statistically significant difference compared to placebo (-0.6&#x2009;cm, 95% CI [-1.0, -0.2]; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.005). The mean decrease in the WOMAC total score was also greater in the CFA group (-19.5 vs. -15.8), although the placebo-corrected effect was not statistically significant (-3.7, 95% CI [-8.3, 0.8]; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.108). Observed improvements in flexion (3.8&#xb0; [95% CI: 2.6, 5.0]) and external rotation (2.9&#xb0; [95% CI: 2.1, 3.8]) were both statistically significant in favor of CFA (p&#x2009;&#x2264;&#x2009;0.001) compared to placebo. Differences in extension and internal rotation were negligible. The safety profile of the investigational product resulted favorable, considering that only 4 out of 30 patients reported mild adverse events, and none withdrawn from the study due to adverse events. In patients with knee osteoarthritis, incorporating a CFA oral supplement into the treatment regimen provides superior efficacy in pain relief and range of motion improvement compared to placebo, while maintaining a favorable safety profile.

Air pollution has no borders. Over 90% of the global population breathes air contaminated daily by pollutants such as fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10), ozone, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), with serious consequences for public health and the environment. Climate change and air pollution are closely interconnected, with the latter contributing to the ongoing climate crisis by causing an increase in ozone and particulate matter levels. In Italy, each year during 2016-2019, 72,083 deaths (11.7%) were estimated to be attributable to annual mean levels of PM 2.5 above 5 &#xb5;g/m3 (Who - 2021 treshold), mainly in the regions of the Po Valley and in metropolitan areas. Pollutants, transported over long distances, do not respect geographic or political boundaries, requiring regional air quality plans. Interregional collaboration is therefore necessary to prevent disparities in air quality and public health. The Italian network for environment and health (Rias) promotes an integrated approach to improving public health and tackling environmental risks.Crisi climatica e qualit&#xe0; dell'ariaIn un momento storico segnato da muri e nazionalismi, &#xe8; importante ricordare che l'inquinamento atmosferico &#xe8; un problema globale che non conosce confini geografici o politici. Oltre il 90% della popolazione mondiale respira quotidianamente aria contaminata da agenti inquinanti quali particolato fine (PM 2,5 e PM 10), ozono (O3), biossido di azoto (NO2), con gravi conseguenze sulla salute pubblica e sull'ambiente. Le citt&#xe0; densamente popolate e le aree industriali sono tra le pi&#xf9; inquinate, ma anche le zone rurali dove il riscaldamento (biomasse e pellet) e il traffico veicolare sono le principali fonti di inquinamento atmosferico. Contribuiscono al carico di inquinamento anche le emissioni industriali e il contributo significativo delle emissioni di ammoniaca che vengono dall'agricoltura e in particolare dagli allevamenti intensivi: attraverso processi di interazione con altre sostanze presenti in atmosfera, l'ammoniaca prodotta si trasforma in particolato fine. Queste fonti sono spesso concentrate in specifiche aree regionali, soprattutto vicino ai centri urbani o zone industriali, ma gli inquinanti possono essere trasportati per lunghe distanze dal vento e da altri fattori meteorologici, superando i confini regionali (ne &#xe8; un esempio il fenomeno delle polveri sahariane che colpisce di pi&#xf9; le aree contigue, ma raggiunge grandi distanze).L'ultimo rapporto dell'Agenzia europea per l'ambiente ha aggiornato i dati sulla concentrazione di PM 2,5 in circa 370 citt&#xe0; europee, con una popolazione maggiore di 50mila abitanti, relativi agli anni 2022 e 2023. I dati, pubblicati lo scorso agosto, evidenziano come, tra le citt&#xe0; monitorate, solo 13 (situate quasi tutte in Scandinavia) rispettano il nuovo limite raccomandato dall'Organizzazione mondiale della sanit&#xe0; (Oms) di 5 &#xb5;g/m3, annui di PM 2,51. Chi vive nelle citt&#xe0; della Pianura Padana respira aria di qualit&#xe0; generalmente scarsa, con concentrazioni di inquinanti che superano ampiamente non solo i limiti raccomandati dall'Oms, ma anche quelli stabiliti dalle normative in vigore nel nostro Paese. In particolare, i livelli di PM 2,5 superano spesso il limite attuale di 25 &#xb5;g/m3 e la qualit&#xe0; dell'aria risulta una delle peggiori in Europa. Questa situazione implica gravi rischi per la salute pubblica e richiede interventi urgenti per ridurre l'inquinamento atmosferico2.La qualit&#xe0; dell'aria sta peggiorando anche a causa dei cambiamenti climatici. L'inquinamento atmosferico &#xe8; causa dei cambiamenti climatici e a sua volta ne subisce gli effetti: il surriscaldamento del pianeta e la maggiore insolazione aumentano le concentrazione di ozono; l'aumento del rischio di incendi determina un aumento del particolato; alterazioni delle condizioni meteorologiche, come l'incremento della siccit&#xe0; e della ventilazione, influenzano la concentrazione e la dispersione degli inquinanti; fattori meteorologici condizionano il fenomeno delle avvezioni sahariane, con trasporto del particolato anche a grandi distanze3.Gli effetti sulla saluteLe complesse interazioni tra le attivit&#xe0; antropiche, la qualit&#xe0; dell'aria e la salute umana nelle aree urbane hanno reso indispensabile l'adozione di una metodologia di valutazione del rischio integrata e multidisciplinare. Le stime di impatto dell'inquinamento ambientale sulla salute consentono di analizzare l'effetto combinato dei fattori ambientali e socioeconomici, fornendo una base solida per lo sviluppo di politiche efficaci volte a tutelare la salute pubblica e migliorare la qualit&#xe0; dell'aria nelle citt&#xe0;. L'esposizione media della popolazione italiana supera di oltre tre volte i limiti delle linee guida dell'Oms 2021.Stime recenti indicano che, in Italia, nel periodo 2016-2019, 72.083 decessi sono attribuibili a livelli medi annuali di PM 2,5 superiori a 5 &#x3bc;g/m3, pari all'11,7% della mortalit&#xe0; per tutte le cause. Di questi, 39.628 sono stati registrati nelle regioni della Pianura Padana e 10.232 nelle 6 citt&#xe0; italiane con pi&#xf9; di 500.000 abitanti4.L'inquinamento atmosferico &#xe8; ubiquitario, presente sia negli ambienti chiusi sia all'aperto, e pu&#xf2; avere effetti negativi sulla salute in una vasta gamma di contesti. Il particolato fine, per esempio, pu&#xf2; penetrare profondamente nei polmoni e nel sistema cardiovascolare, causando infiammazioni, aggravando malattie respiratorie croniche come l'asma e la bronchite, e aumentando il rischio di infarto e ictus. Il biossido di azoto e l'ozono troposferico irritano le vie respiratorie, riducono la funzionalit&#xe0; polmonare e possono peggiorare le condizioni preesistenti nei pazienti con malattie polmonari5-7. Mentre le condizioni respiratorie e cardiovascolari sono state tradizionalmente collegate all'inquinamento atmosferico, studi recenti suggeriscono potenziali associazioni con condizioni neurologiche (come la demenza e il morbo di Parkinson), il diabete, varie forme di cancro oltre a quello polmonare8. Gli impatti sulla salute non si limitano solo agli adulti e agli anziani. L'esposizione della mamma in gravidanza &#xe8; associata a un parto prematuro e basso peso alla nascita del neonato9. Nei bambini, l'esposizione all'inquinamento atmosferico &#xe8; associata a un aumento delle infezioni respiratorie, all'incidenza di asma bronchiale, a una ridotta crescita polmonare e a problemi nello sviluppo cognitivo10,11.Gli effetti dell'inquinamento atmosferico interessano soprattutto i Paesi pi&#xf9; poveri e le fasce di popolazione pi&#xf9; vulnerabili della societ&#xe0;, contribuendo ad aumentare le disuguaglianze sociali, economiche e di salute. I bambini e gli anziani tendono a subire le peggiori conseguenze sulla salute a causa della respirazione di aria inquinata, mentre le persone a basso reddito spesso vivono nelle aree pi&#xf9; inquinate.Le nuove linee guida Oms e i piani della qualit&#xe0; dell'ariaCome gi&#xe0; ricordato, nel 2021 l'Oms ha emanato linee guida aggiornate e pi&#xf9; restrittive sulla qualit&#xe0; dell'aria che abbassano i limiti gi&#xe0; raccomandati. Tali limiti si basano sulla revisione sistematica della letteratura scientifica degli ultimi 15 anni, degli studi epidemiologici sugli effetti sulla salute e sulla meta-analisi della stima degli effetti quantitativi osservati, evidenziando effetti negativi sulla salute anche a concentrazioni pi&#xf9; basse di quelle riconosciute in precedenza indispensabili per tutelare i gruppi pi&#xf9; vulnerabili (bambini, anziani e persone con malattie croniche)12.&#xc8; stata di recente approvata dal Parlamento europeo la revisione della Direttiva per la qualit&#xe0; dell'aria13. Si tratta dello strumento base che regola la tutela dei cittadini europei nei confronti degli inquinanti dell'aria e l'azione degli Stati membri. La normativa ha fissato valori limite e obiettivi pi&#xf9; rigorosi da raggiungere entro il 2035, per diversi inquinanti, tra cui PM 2,5 e PM 10, NO2, anidride solforosa (SO2) e O3. La nuova Direttiva mira ad allineare le regole UE con le pi&#xf9; recenti linee guida dell'Oms per la qualit&#xe0; dell'aria. Tra i cambiamenti principali troviamo un abbassamento dei valori limite annuali per gli inquinanti con documentato impatto sulla salute umana (tabella 1).Gli strumenti che le regioni adottano per ridurre l'impatto dell'inquinamento atmosferico sull'ambiente e sulla salute umana sono i piani per la qualit&#xe0; dell'aria, strumenti fondamentali attraverso cui ogni regione sviluppa strategie mirate per affrontare le problematiche specifiche del proprio territorio, stabilendo obiettivi di riduzione delle emissioni e promuovendo pratiche sostenibili nei settori chiave come il traffico, l'industria e l'agricoltura. I piani mirano a migliorare la qualit&#xe0; dell'aria definendo gli obiettivi e le azioni necessarie per raggiungerli, come ridurre le emissioni e promuovere comportamenti sostenibili. I piani regionali di qualit&#xe0; dell'aria permettono di affrontare l'inquinamento a livello locale, tenendo conto delle specificit&#xe0; territoriali. Tuttavia, questi piani variano da una regione all'altra, creando disparit&#xe0; nella qualit&#xe0; dell'aria e nella salute delle popolazioni locali. Dovrebbe essere promossa invece una stretta collaborazione tra le regioni per coordinare le loro azioni e garantire che le misure adottate siano efficaci non solo a livello locale, ma anche su scala nazionale. Una cooperazione interregionale permetterebbe di affrontare l'inquinamento in maniera sistematica e integrata, ridurre le disparit&#xe0; tra le diverse aree e assicurare una qualit&#xe0; dell'aria pi&#xf9; omogenea su tutto il territorio nazionale, sfruttando al meglio le risorse e le competenze di ciascuna regione, promuovendo soluzioni innovative e ottimizzando le politiche ambientali. L'obiettivo finale dovrebbe essere quello di integrare il tema della riduzione dell'inquinamento atmosferico nella questione pi&#xf9; ampia e globale della mitigazione del cambiamento climatico, con benefici duraturi a lungo termine per la salute dei cittadini e la sostenibilit&#xe0; ambientale.In Italia, la Rete italiana ambiente e salute (Rias)14 nasce per promuovere l'interazione virtuosa tra centri che si occupano istituzionalmente del binomio ambiente e salute per migliorare la salute pubblica, mitigare gli effetti nocivi dei contaminanti ambientali, promuovere strategie di adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici, preservare la biodiversit&#xe0;, nell'ottica dei co-benefici e della riduzione delle diseguaglianze sociali. Il progetto Rias, finanziato dal Ministero della salute, ha contribuito al consolidamento di una integrazione operativa tra Servizio sanitario nazionale (Ssn) e Sistema nazionale protezione ambiente (Snpa) che &#xe8; sfociata nell'istituzione del Sistema nazionale prevenzione salute dai rischi ambientali e climatici (Snps); l'approccio di rete &#xe8; di grande rilevanza anche per la gestione dei recenti finanziamenti governativi in tema di ambiente e salute, per la pianificazione strategica e il coinvolgimento attivo di tutti gli attori interessati.Conflitto di interessi: le autrici dichiarano l'assenza di conflitto di interessi.

The finding of unexpected variations in treatment benefits by geographic region in international clinical trials raises complex questions about the interpretation and generalizability of trial findings. We observed such geographical variations in outcome and in the effectiveness of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation versus drug therapy in the Catheter Ablation vs Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation (CABANA) trial. This paper describes these differences and investigates potential causes. The examination of treatment effects by geographic region was a prespecified analysis. CABANA enrolled patients from 10 countries, with 1,285 patients at 85 North American (NA) sites and 919 at 41 non-NA sites. The primary endpoint was a composite of death, disabling stroke, serious bleeding, or cardiac arrest. Death and first atrial fibrillation recurrence were secondary endpoints. At least 1 primary endpoint event occurred in 157 patients (12.2%) from NA and 33 (3.6%) from non-NA sites over a median 54.9 and 40.5 months of follow-up, respectively (NA/non-NA adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.48-3.21, P < .001). In NA patients, 78 events occurred in the ablation and 79 in the drug arm, (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.66, 1.24) while 11 and 22 events occurred in non-NA patients (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.25,1.05, interaction P&#x202f;=&#x202f;.154). Death occurred in 53 ablation and 51 drug therapy patients in the NA group (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.65,1.42) and in 5 ablation and 16 drug therapy patients in the non-NA group (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.12,0.86, interaction P&#x202f;=&#x202f;.044). Adjusting for baseline regional differences or prognostic risk variables did not account for the regional differences in treatment effects. Atrial fibrillation recurrence was reduced by ablation in both regions (NA: HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.46, 0.63; non-NA: HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.30, 0.64, interaction P&#x202f;=&#x202f;.322). In CABANA, primary outcome events occurred significantly more often in the NA group but assignment to ablation significantly reduced all-cause mortality in the non-NA group only. These differences were not explained by regional variations in procedure effectiveness, safety, or patient characteristics. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0091150; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00911508.

Four types of high-flux hemodialyzers, Primus 2000 (high-flux polysulfone 2.0 m2), Altra-Flux 170 G (cellulose diacetate 1.7 m2), FLX-15 GW (polyester-polymer alloy 1.5 m2) and PAN-85 DX (polyacrylonitrile 1.7 m2) were evaluated in vivo. A total of 12 stable chronic hemodialysis patients participated in the study and each type of dialyzer was tested once in 9 of them. Blood samples for the measurement of BUN, creatinine, phosphate, uric acid, albumin and beta2-microglobulin (beta2M) were drawn before and 5 min after the end of the study dialysis. During dialysis, which was performed in all patients with a blood flow rate of 250 ml/min for 240 min, the dialysate (550-600 ml/min) was collected every hour and samples were drawn for the measurements of all the above substances. The mean total amount of low-molecular substances removed per session by each dialyzer was very close to 19.5 g for urea, 2.0 g for creatinine, 0.9 g for phosphate and 1 g for uric acid. The one-third (30-33%) of the above amounts were removed during the first hour of dialysis. Dialyzers' clearances for creatinine and uric acid were significantly higher in Primus dialyzer comparing to FLX-15 GW (p < 0.05) while the clearance for urea showed a borderline significance (p = 0.055). No difference was found either among Altra-Flux 170 G, FLX-15 GW and PAN-85 DX or between Primus and PAN-85 DX dialyzers. Phosphate clearance did not show any difference among the four dialyzers. The lowest amount of albumin removed per session was 0.75 g by PAN-85 DX and the highest 1.8 g by FLX-15 GW, while the equivalents for beta2M were 80 mg by Altra-Flux 170 G and 142 mg by PAN-85 DX. A significant adsorption of beta2M on these dialysis membranes was indicated by the combination of a satisfactory serum beta2M reduction ratio (post-/predialysis values = 0.52, 0.77, 0.60, 0.55) with a reduced beta2M clearance (23.9, 13.6, 20.2, 25.1 ml/min). During the first hour of dialysis, in comparison to the following time, the highest amounts of albumin and beta2M (expressed as percentage of total) were removed by the Primus 2000 dialyzer. Our results indicate that under conventional conditions small differences in the surface area of the high-flux dialyzers are unimportant regarding the removal of low molecules. However, the composition of the membrane seems to play an important role in the removal of high-molecular substances.

The paper is a reflection on the psychic phenomenon involving the denial of reality of covid-19 pandemic, the denial of data from scientific research about it and the denial of therapeutic purposes of vaccine and national and international health policies, as it emerges in the frame of the so-called no-vax movements. The possible basic or associated psychopathological pictures are described, analogies and differences respect to classic psychiatric nosology are evaluated, psychological and psychiatric interpretative hypotheses are considered, in what they can to some extent characterize a wide and complex reality, in whose knowledge and management psychiatrists could play a much more relevant role than they actually do.

SARS-CoV-2 infection can impair diaphragm function at the acute phase but the frequency of diaphragm dysfunction after recovery from COVID-19 remains unknown. This study was carried out on patients reporting persistent respiratory symptoms 3-4 months after severe COVID-19 pneumonia. The included patients were selected from a medical consultation designed to screen for recovery after acute infection. Respiratory function was assessed by a pulmonary function test, and diaphragm function was studied by ultrasonography. In total, 132 patients (85M, 47W) were recruited from the medical consultation. During the acute phase of the infection, the severity of the clinical status led to ICU admission for 58 patients (44%). Diaphragm dysfunction (DD) was detected by ultrasonography in 13 patients, two of whom suffered from hemidiaphragm paralysis. Patients with DD had more frequently muscle pain complaints and had a higher frequency of prior cardiothoracic or upper abdominal surgery than patients with normal diaphragm function. Pulmonary function testing revealed a significant decrease in lung volumes and DLCO and the dyspnea scores (mMRC and Borg10 scores) were significantly increased in patients with DD. Improvement in respiratory function was recorded in seven out of nine patients assessed 6 months after the first ultrasound examination. Assessment of diaphragm function by ultrasonography after severe COVID-19 pneumonia revealed signs of dysfunction in 10% of our population. In some cases, ultrasound examination probably discovered an un-recognized pre-existing DD. COVID-19 nonetheless contributed to impairment of diaphragm function. Prolonged respiratory physiotherapy led to improvement in respiratory function in most patients. [www.cnil.fr], identifier [#PADS20-207].

Liver transplantation (LT) is the standard of care for many liver conditions, such as end-stage liver diseases, inherited metabolic disorders, and primary liver malignancies. In the latter group, indications of LT for hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma evolved and are currently available for many non-resectable cases. However, selection criteria apply, as the absence of active metastases. Evidence of good long-term outcomes has validated the LT approach for managing these malignancies in the context of specialist and multidisciplinary approach. Nevertheless, LT's role in treating primary vascular tumours of the liver in children, both benign and malignant, remains somewhat controversial. The rarity of the different diseases and the heterogeneity of pathological definitions contribute to the controversy and make evaluating the benefit/risk ratio and outcomes quite difficult. In this narrative review, we give an overview of primary vascular tumours of the liver in children, the possible indications and the outcomes of LT.

Dialysers F6 (polysulphon membrane) and Altra Nova-170 (acetate cellulose-H membrane) were tested for effects on concentration of beta 2-microglobulin (beta-2 MG) in the course of hemodialysis. F6 produced a rise in beta-2 MG levels (50.0 +/- 7.7 to 59.2 +/- 9.5 mg/l). Altra Nova-170 induced no significant changes in these levels. Dialyser F6 seems to stimulate generation or release of beta-2 MG the input and output amounts of which indicate that the process may be confined to dialyser interior. On hemodialysis minute 15 a sharp fall in beta-2 MG concentrations was registered in the use of either device. This phenomenon resembles leukopenic effect of cellulose membranes. Hemodialysis kinetics of beta-2 MG is likely to depend on leukocyte activation.

To evaluate simultaneously the effects of multipurpose contact lens care solution (MPS) on the viability and encystment of Acanthamoeba using flow cytometry. Viability and encystment rate were evaluated using Acanthamoeba castellanii (ATCC 50514 and ATCC 50370) and three clinical strains of Acanthamoeba spp. isolated from patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis. Acanthamoeba trophozoites (1.0 &#xd7; 10(5) cells/mL) were exposed to four kinds of commercially available MPSs for 24 hours. After dispensing the cell suspension into two portions, one portion was stained with 0.004% Congo Red (CR), a fluorescence dye to stain the inner cell wall of cysts, and the other portion was stained with a mixture of Congo Red and 3% sarkosyl (CRS), a detergent to lyse the trophozoites and pseudocysts. Flow cytometric analysis of the treated portions was then carried out on an EPICS ALTRA flow cytometer. The encystment rate and disinfecting efficacies (percentage of rounded trophozoites, "pseudocyst") were calculated by the rates of CR-stained, CR-nonstained, and CRS-stained populations, respectively. Ultrastructural features of resistant (mature or immature) cysts and pseudocysts were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Resistant cysts and rounded trophozoites (pseudocysts) were stained with CR, whereas native (unrounded) trophozoites were not. Resistant cysts were also stained with CRS unlike pseudocysts. Three clinical isolates showed higher resistance and higher encystment rates than two ATCC strains when treated with encystment-positive control solution. Disinfecting efficacy of each MPS was not directly related to each encystment rate. Transmission electron microscopy observations showed basic differences in the ultrastructure of pseudocysts produced by MPSs and resistant cysts. These results suggest that viability and encystment of Acanthamoeba are independent phenomena, and therefore disinfecting efficacy of MPS and encystment rates of Acanthamoeba should be evaluated, respectively. Thus, it is important to evaluate simultaneously the disinfecting efficacies and encystment rates of newly developed premarket MPS using the authors' novel flow cytometric methods.

Although it is now clear that several subpopulations of neural stem cells (NSCs) exist during early development and adulthood, the angiogenic potential of NSCs remains a subject of debate. Here, we report that CD44(+) CD90(+) cells isolated from primary neurospheres can form vascular-tube structures in vitro. NSCs isolated from the mouse embryonic cortex formed neurospheres when cultured in serum-free medium containing 20ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). CD44(+) CD90(+) cells were enriched from the neurospheres using an EPICS ALTRA flow cytometer, and antibodies against CD44 and CD90. The purified CD44(+) CD90(+) cells generated neurospheres, and differentiated into neurons and astrocytes. When the cells were inoculated into collagen gels and cultured with 20% fetal bovine serum plus bFGF for 7 days, vascular tube-like structures were formed. These results indicate that CD44(+) CD90(+) cells have the ability to generate neurospheres and to form vascular tubes.

To study the influence of lypopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli O55:B5) and lysate of Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes - group A, type M1, strain 40/58) on the level of expression of important surface molecules of monocyte-derived cells from continuous cell line THP-1 and endothelial cells from continuous cell line EA.hy 926. Expression of surface molecules HLA-DR, CD11b, CD14, CD16, CD32, and CD54 was assessed using FITC- or PE-labeled monoclonal antibodies (Beckman Coulter, USA). Intensity of fluorescence was measured by flow cytometer Epics Altra manufactured by Beckman Coulter (USA). Studied components of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria stimulated expression of CD14, CD16, CD32, and CD54 molecules on cells from THP-1 line; incubation of cells from EA.hy 926 line in the presence of the same bacterial components increased expression levels of CD54 and HLA-DR molecules. Endothelial cells of EA.hy 926 line was less sensitive to LPS of E. coli and lysate of S. pyogenes compared to monocyte-derived cells of THP-1 line. Usage of THP-1 cells allowed to reveal differences between effects of components of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The stimulating effect of LPS was more pronounced compared to effect of S. pyogenes lysate in relation to expression of HLA-DR, CD11b, and CD54 molecules, whereas lysate of S. pyogenes better stimulated expression of CD14, CD16, and CD32 molecules.

In 1964, the Italian poet Alda Merini was hospitalized in a mental hospital in Milan as the result of a violent fight with her husband. Merini would spend ten years in and out of hospital, while her relationship with her family and with the literary circles in which she moved deteriorated. Merini's experience in the asylum is narrated in her memoir L'altra verit&#xe0;. Diario di una diversa (1986). Through an analysis of some crucial passages in the memoir, this article seeks to demonstrate that Diario is a work charged with both literary and historical value that deserves more scholarly attention. Merini's memories shed new light on the situation of psychiatric patients, and especially of women, in Italy before and after Basaglia's reforms on mental institutions. Demonstrating how the abuse that she suffered in the hospital reflects society's attitudes toward mental illness, disability, and women, Merini shows that the type of trauma narrative that is produced under institutions of coercive control - such as the mental asylum - will often be one of resistance to oppression.

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