Geriatric medicine is becoming increasingly more important in the context of demographic change. Older people frequently suffer from multimorbidity, functional impairments and complex psychosocial conditions that are often insufficiently addressed by a purely diagnosis-oriented medical approach. The primary aim of geriatrics is therefore not only the treatment of diseases but also with respect to individual goals, the preservation of independence, quality of life and social participation.This expert paper outlines the current state of geriatric care in Germany, its scientific evidence base and key challenges and future perspectives. Central elements of geriatric complexity medicine include comprehensive geriatric assessment, multiprofessional treatment concepts and cross-sectoral models of care. Numerous studies demonstrate that this approach improves functional outcomes, reduces the risk of long-term care dependency and reduces or shortens hospital stays.Despite established acute geriatric and rehabilitation structures, substantial deficits remain in nationwide access to care, financing, academic integration, research and professional training. Workforce shortages, insufficient outpatient services and the limited integration of geriatric principles into other medical specialties weaken the great opportunity that modern geriatric medicine offers for preventing the need for long-term care. At the same time, digitalization, telemedicine and innovative cross-sectoral care models offer new opportunities for patient-centered geriatric medicine.The authors advocate stronger structural and political support for geriatrics, the expansion of outpatient geriatric centers, financing systems that adequately reflect patient complexity and a stronger integration of geriatrics into research, teaching and medical education including a German Center for Geriatric Medicine with substantial involvement of geriatrics. In this way, geriatrics can make a major contribution to a sustainable, patient-centered and future-oriented healthcare system. Die geriatrische Medizin gewinnt angesichts des demografischen Wandels zunehmend an Bedeutung. Ältere Menschen leiden häufig an Multimorbidität, funktionellen Einschränkungen und komplexen psychosozialen Problemlagen, die durch eine rein diagnoseorientierte Medizin nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt werden. Ziel der Geriatrie ist daher nicht allein die Behandlung einzelner Erkrankungen, sondern, auf Basis individueller Ziele, der Erhalt von Selbstständigkeit, Lebensqualität und gesellschaftlicher Teilhabe.Das vorliegende Expertenpapier beschreibt den aktuellen Stand der geriatrischen Versorgung in Deutschland, ihre wissenschaftliche Evidenz sowie zentrale Herausforderungen und Zukunftsperspektiven. Im Mittelpunkt steht die geriatrische Komplexitätsmedizin mit dem geriatrischen Assessment, multiprofessionellen Behandlungskonzepten und sektorenübergreifenden Versorgungsmodellen. Zahlreiche Studien belegen, dass dadurch funktionelle Fähigkeiten verbessert, Pflegebedürftigkeit reduziert und Krankenhausaufenthalte verringert oder verkürzt werden.Trotz etablierter akutgeriatrischer und rehabilitativer Strukturen bestehen weiterhin erhebliche Defizite in der flächendeckenden Versorgung, der Finanzierung, der universitären Verankerung sowie in Forschung und Weiterbildung. Besonders der Fachkräftemangel, unzureichende ambulante und präventive Angebote und die mangelnde Integration geriatrischer Prinzipien in andere Fachgebiete schwächen die große Chance, die eine moderne Altersmedizin zur Vermeidung von Pflegebedürftigkeit bietet. Gleichzeitig eröffnen Digitalisierung, Telemedizin und innovative sektorenübergreifende Versorgungskonzepte neue Möglichkeiten.Die Autorinnen und Autoren fordern eine strukturelle und politische Förderung der Geriatrie, den Ausbau ambulanter geriatrischer Zentren, eine an Komplexität und Funktionalität orientierte Finanzierung sowie eine intensivere wissenschaftliche und akademische Verankerung, inklusive eines Deutschen Zentrums für Altersmedizin mit starker Beteiligung der Geriatrie. Die Geriatrie kann damit einen entscheidenden Beitrag zu einem nachhaltigen, patientenzentrierten und zukunftsfähigen Gesundheitssystem leisten.
Achieving spatially resolved chemical functionalization on graphene lattices is essential for fabricating advanced two-dimensional (2D) architectures. However, current covalent patterning strategies struggle to simultaneously minimize energy input for lattice preservation and offer the chemical versatility required for fine-tuning the local doping state of the 2D lattice. Here, a modular diaryl-sulfonium platform is developed for the ultra-low-threshold covalent patterning of monolayer graphene, further enabling substituent-encoded pattern of local work-function. Driven by a highly efficient, graphene-mediated hot-electron single-electron transfer (SET) mechanism, this approach lowers activation barriers, enabling non-destructive patterning with laser powers as low as 0.10 mW and irradiation time of a few seconds-orders of magnitude lower than conventional photon-driven processes-thereby ensuring high pattern fidelity without thermal degradation. By incorporating a library of six chemically distinct σ-bound substituents (including phenyl, fluorophenyl, trifluoroethyl, vinyl, phenylthiophenyl, and bromoethyl) onto a unified sulfonium scaffold, precise control over local work-function can be achieved. Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) reveals a continuous, chemically tunable spectrum of surface potential shifts (ΔCPD from ∼30 to ∼300 mV). Combined with exceptional ambient stability and thermal erasability, this work offers a robust, energy-efficient paradigm for chemically encoding reconfigurable 2D electronic landscapes.
Previous studies have reported enhanced metacognitive efficiency in bilinguals, particularly when both languages are institutionally supported and used across educational and public domains. Whether this advantage extends to heritage-language bilingualism remains unclear. We tested local and global metacognition in German monolinguals, German-Turkish bilinguals, and German-Slavic bilinguals using three language-learning tasks targeting semantic inference, statistical learning, and artificial grammar learning. Contrary to predictions based on bilingual advantage and typological-distance accounts, heritage bilinguals did not show enhanced local metacognitive efficiency. German-Turkish bilinguals showed lower local metacognitive efficiency than monolinguals and German-Slavic bilinguals across tasks, and German-Slavic bilinguals showed no consistent advantage over monolinguals. By contrast, group-level measures suggested stronger global metacognitive calibration in bilingual participants. These findings indicate that bilingualism does not uniformly enhance metacognition and that sociolinguistic factors, including language status, educational use, and domain breadth of language use, may constrain or override effects of typological distance. The results distinguish local confidence monitoring from broader self-performance evaluation and identify heritage-language bilingualism as an important boundary condition for claims about bilingual metacognitive advantage.
The Lancet Oncology Commission on Global Cancer Surgery recommended that access to and the quality of surgical care be improved. This study aimed to understand differences in surgical quality between emergency and elective resection among patients with potentially curative colorectal cancer. This preplanned secondary analysis included patients undergoing only curative-intent surgery for colorectal cancer from three contemporary global prospective cohort studies (GlobalSurg-3, 5506 patients; CovidSurg-Cancer, 6719 patients; APOLLO, 876 patients) registered from 2018 to 2023. Hierarchical multilevel logistic regression models quantified associations between the urgency of surgery (elective versus emergency) and surgical quality, measured by margin-positive resection, adjusting for patient, disease, and health system factors. Bootstrap multivariable simulations evaluated effect modification by country income level, cancer stage, and location. Of the 45 699 patients registered, 13 101 across 95 countries were included in this analysis. Overall, 678 patients (5.4%) had margin-positive resections, with higher rates in the emergency than elective surgery group (13.7 versus 4.5%; P < 0.0001). In adjusted multilevel models, emergency surgery was associated with increased odds of margin-positive resections (adjusted odds ratio 2.45, 95% confidence interval (c.i.) 1.86 to 3.22), consistent across all country income groups and robust to alternative health system indicators. Bootstrap-derived absolute risk differences revealed the greatest disparities in patients with stage III-IV rectal cancers, with absolute differences of 12.6% (95% c.i. 10.2 to 15.7) in high-income countries, 19.0% (95% c.i. 13.6 to 23.9) in upper middle-income countries, and 14.1% (95% c.i. 10.9 to 16.5) in lower middle- and low-income countries. Variance decomposition demonstrated that hospital- and country-level factors accounted for 76% of the explained variation in surgical quality. Emergency surgery was associated with a two- to threefold increase in the risk of margin-positive resections globally, independent of resource availability, highlighting a neglected area of global surgical practice. These findings challenge the assumption that poorer outcomes after emergency surgery are due to advanced disease stage. For patients presenting as an emergency with potentially curative resection, enhanced decision-making around resectability, ensuring specialist surgeon availability, and developing bridge-to-surgery pathways represent immediate, low-cost strategies to improve global cancer outcomes.
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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are a family of enzymes that attach amino acids to tRNAs. To date, all 37 human ARS genes have been implicated in genetic diseases, affecting over a thousand patients worldwide. At the 2025 Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS) Special Meeting 'Expanding Frontiers in Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Research', patients, families, and advocacy groups communicated the need for a unified approach for reporting on ARS gene names and associated conditions in the scientific literature. This request stemmed from the current use of multiple nomenclature systems and the desire of these individuals to rapidly identify published data on specific ARS genes. Here, we summarize ARS gene nomenclature and request that the scientific community adhere to a single nomenclature system.
Mental health reform represents a sustained effort to improve the accessibility, quality and human rights orientation of mental health systems through changes to policy, legislation and service delivery. The scale and pace of growth in the lived and living experience workforce (LLEW) is unprecedented within mental health services, with a marked increase in roles representing a significant shift in the contemporary mental health landscape. In Australia, the state of Victoria is currently undergoing the most significant mental health reform in its history. This study aimed to explore mental health nurses' perceptions of the impacts of mental health reform on (1) their delivery of care in relation to consumer and carer safety and wellbeing and (2) their experiences of working alongside lived experience workers within reformed service contexts. This study employed a qualitative descriptive design, with secondary analysis of existing qualitative data (Szabo and Strang 1997), which were thematically analysed using Braun and Clarke and reported in accordance with CORE-Q guidelines. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mental health nurses working in Victoria (N = 14), Australia, with three themes generated through reflexive thematic analysis: (1) Mind the gap: Reform impacts to safety and risk; (2) When care comes too late: reform impacts to care and treatment; and (3) Between sympathy and resistance: ambivalent attitudes towards LLEW roles. Persistent integration challenges related to LLEW influenced nurses' perceptions of usefulness. Nurses also described that an increased legislative emphasis on consumer choice, relative to clinical decision-making, contributed to uncertainty and hesitancy in intervention, which nurses perceived as negatively affecting care outcomes in some situations.
The Y chromosome has been omitted from almost all phylogenomic analyses to date due to its complex structure, which makes accurate assembly and alignment across species challenging. Yet the Y chromosome is, in theory, an optimal phylogenetic marker. Y-chromosomal genes have a smaller effective population size than autosomal genes, reducing the likelihood of incomplete lineage sorting. Likewise, heterogametic hybrid offspring of different species are generally sterile, creating a barrier to Y-chromosomal gene flow. To overcome difficulties in using the Y chromosome, we developed a novel approach to identify orthologous Y-linked sequences in placental mammals, enabling us to generate a 63-species Y-chromosome alignment. We aligned ∼80 kilobases of predominantly non-coding sequence from conserved genes that are broadly expressed regulators of protein synthesis and spermatogenesis - the X-degenerate genes. Our phylogenetic reconstructions demonstrate that noncoding X-degenerate gene sequences recapitulate the same phylogeny derived from genome-wide noncoding, neutrally evolved sequences across the biparentally inherited autosomes and the X chromosome. We find strong support for the superordinal clades Euarchonta, Scrotifera, Fereuungulata, and Zooamata - groupings that have been historically considered controversial. Our results demonstrate that not only can the Y chromosome be aligned across species divergences spanning more than 100 million years, but it also performs robustly in a comparative phylogenetic context. We also present evidence that interchromosomal gene conversion between the non-recombining ZFX and ZFY genes has independently occurred in multiple lineages. ZFY has a proposed function as a meiotic executioner, and interchromosomal gene conversion may serve as a compensatory mechanism to prevent genetic decay of this essential gene.
The incompleteness of the fossil record and the absence of genetic information limit our ability to understand ancient developmental processes and reconstruct their evolution. Gene expression patterns, physiological pathways, or cellular differentiation processes are rarely preserved, leaving major gaps in our understanding of developmental evolution. Here, we combine comparative and mathematical analyses to uncover an ancestral patterning mechanism underlying the specification of liverwort oil body cells, a synapomorphy of the lineage involved in anti-herbivory defense. We demonstrate that oil body cell homologs in fossils of the oldest known liverwort (Metzgeriothallus sharonae) exhibit spatial organization characteristic of lateral inhibition, including regular spacing and an over-representation of idioblasts. We show that a mechanism involving local activation and lateral inhibition reproduces the diversity of patterns observed in the fossils. Finally, we find that the same mechanism can explain oil body cell patterns in the distantly related liverworts Treubia lacunosa, Apotreubia nana, and Marchantia polymorpha, suggesting a deeply conserved mode of cell specification. Our findings illuminate the origin and diversification of oil body cells, underscoring their evolutionary significance for liverwort development and survival.
Establishing carbon-carbon connectivities by NMR at natural isotope abundance is intrinsically challenging due to the low sensitivity of 13C-13C correlation experiments. Conventional strategies rely on polarization transfer from light nuclei, i.e. 1H or 19F, to enhance sensitivity, rendering systems devoid of such nuclei particularly difficult to study. We recently developed an NMR-optimized Overhauser-effect dynamic nuclear polarization (OE-DNP) setup that provides signal enhancements of up to two orders of magnitude for carbons which are chlorinated or iodinated, but lack 1H and 19F, in small organic molecules dissolved in organic solvent. Here, we demonstrate that in such systems, hyperpolarization can be coherently transferred between 13C nuclei using 1D and pseudo-2D isotropic mixing (IM) experiments. This allows 13C-13C satellite signals to be detected, at natural isotopic abundance, from which one-bond carbon-carbon scalar coupling (1JCC) constants can be read off. These OE-DNP-enhanced IM experiments are shown to even outperform conventional 1D INADEQUATE experiments in these challenging systems. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IM can be used as a preparatory block in OE-DNP-enhanced multiple pulse NMR experiments, as exemplified by a 2D OE-DNP-IM-HETCOR sequence. Finally, the transfer of polarization in hyperpolarized systems is described using both an approximate analytical treatment, based on the product operator formalism, and numerical simulations employing an effective Hamiltonian theory.
Speaker roles at major international oncology meetings mark academic visibility and leadership, yet representation of Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)-affiliated investigators remains poorly characterized. We evaluated LAC-affiliated faculty appearances at the ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium (ASCO GU) from 2021 to 2025. We systematically reviewed ASCO GU programs (2021-2025). Eligible sessions included General Session, Oral Abstract Session, and Rapid Oral Abstract Session. Affiliation was determined by institutional listing. We recorded total faculty appearances and stratified faculty appearances into invited educational, abstract-linked, and leadership roles. We additionally examined discussant and moderator appearances separately and identified the assigned speaker for each Oral or Rapid Oral presentation with at least one LAC-affiliated author. Among 84 eligible sessions comprising 540 faculty speakers, only six LAC-affiliated faculty appearances were identified, representing only 1% of the total faculty. No LAC-affiliated faculty appeared in 2021 or 2022, with minimal representation in subsequent years (2023: n = 1; 2024: n = 2; 2025: n = 3). By contrast, LAC-affiliated investigators were identified in 53 appearances as authors or coauthors in Oral or Rapid Oral sessions, predominantly affiliated with institutions in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Colombia. Three of six LAC-affiliated faculty were linked to specific clinical trial presentations rather than independent educational lectures. LAC-affiliated investigators remain markedly under-represented among ASCO GU faculty despite robust scientific contributions, highlighting potential structural inequities and the need for deliberate initiatives to support equitable participation in international scientific discourse.
Robotic total knee arthroplasty (R-TKA) adoption continues to expand, yet most learning curve analyses focus on global operative time rather than individual procedural steps. The TMINI system is a handheld, imageless robotic platform with limited published data. We evaluated step-specific learning curves in a single surgeon's first 75 consecutive cases with complete intraoperative timing data. We retrospectively reviewed 75 primary TKAs performed with the TMINI system (January-August 2025). Four intraoperative timing metrics were recorded: bone registration time, intraoperative planning time, bone resection time, and time from incision to implants. Learning curves were assessed using cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis; turning points were identified at peak CUSUM values. Early-versus-later comparisons used Mann-Whitney U tests. Sensitivity analysis excluded extreme outliers (> mean + 3 SD). CUSUM turning points varied considerably by procedural step. Time to implants stabilized earliest (case 8; 12.0% median reduction; P = 0.006). Intraoperative planning time turned at case 12 (32.1% reduction; P < 0.001). Bone resection time trended toward improvement but did not reach significance in the primary cohort (P = 0.131); significance was achieved after outlier exclusion (35.0% median reduction; P < 0.001). Bone registration was most gradual, turning at case 56 (10.1% reduction; P = 0.002). Sensitivity analyses were consistent. The TMINI system demonstrated measurable but nonuniform step-specific learning curves across 75 cases. Cognitive and software-driven steps improved early, while platform-specific tasks such as bone registration required more cases to stabilize. Step-level CUSUM analysis provides a more actionable picture of TKA adoption than global operative time and may guide training and scheduling.
Polymer-mediated gene delivery is evolving from stochastic design methodologies to precise molecular engineering. Traditional polymers, although effective in nucleic acid complexation, face challenges in terms of structural heterogeneity, unpredictable pharmacokinetics and inefficient endosomal escape. These challenges have driven interest in sequence-defined polymeric systems, which enable atomic-level control over monomer composition, charge distribution and functionality. Sequence-defined polymers provide opportunities to establish robust structure-function relationships, overcome biological barriers and achieve targeted delivery to specific tissues. This Review examines the architectural evolution of polymeric gene carriers and highlights how increasing structural precision correlates with enhanced functional performance. Synthetic methodologies enabling sequence control are analysed, from solid-phase approaches to flow chemistry and supramolecular templating. By integrating polymer science with biological outcomes, we present a strategic framework for addressing persistent challenges in non-viral gene delivery.
To evaluate comparative effectiveness of methotrexate (MTX), calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi), and biologics for the first-line therapies in adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) in real-world settings. Two AOSD cohorts were retrospectively analysed. First, effectiveness of first-line biological versus non-biologic modulator was validated using overlap weighting of propensity scores in the Shanghai AOSD cohort. To compare AOSD treatment strategies (MTX, CNI, JAKi, biologics), we pooled data from the Shanghai and Erlangen cohorts, emulated a target trial, and applied doubly robust weighted regression to adjust for demographic and clinical confounders. The primary outcome was sustained event-free remission over 12 and 72 weeks. 124 AOSD patients were analyzed, 96 from the Shanghai and 28 from Erlangen cohort. In overlap-weighted analyses of Shanghai cohort, biologic was associated with higher sustained event-free remission and event-free state than non-biologic immune modulators (P = 0.0065 and P = 0.0096). In the pooled analysis, biologics were linked to higher likelihood of event-free state and sustained event-free remission at weeks 12 and 72 (all P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons confirmed the advantage of biologics over CNI (sustained event-free remission at week 72 OR 0.11, p = 0.001), with significant benefits over MTX (OR 0.12, p = 0.002) and JAKi (OR 0.14, p = 0.008) emerging at week 72 for sustained event-free remission, and more frequent glucocorticoid discontinuation than MTX and CNI (both p < 0.05). First-line biological treatment is associated with improved sustained event-free remission compared to non-biologic treatments, such as MTX, CNI and JAKi and associated with more favorable long-term outcomes in AOSD.
Senescence, the endpoint of normal cells' replicative lifespan, is accompanied by a complex sequence of molecular events. One such event is the dramatic reorganization of CTCF into senescence-induced clusters (SICCs). However, the molecular determinants, genomic consequences and functional purpose of SICCs remain unknown. Here we combine three-dimensional genomics, super-resolution imaging, DNA tracing and functional assays with modeling to dissect SICC emergence. We find that, on senescence entry, cells repurpose SRRM2-a key component of nuclear speckles-and BANF1-a 'molecular glue' for chromosomes-to cluster CTCF and rewire genome architecture. This CTCF-centric reorganization in reference to nuclear speckles helps instruct the senescence splicing program, because disruption of SICCs almost fully reverts alternative splicing patterns and delays senescence onset. We therefore uncover a paradigm whereby human cells translate changes in nuclear biochemistry into architectural changes directing splicing choices to commit to the fate of senescence.
The incidence of disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) has remained low since the advent of antibiotics; however, a recent surge in DGI has inexplicably emerged during the past decade. In an effort to understand whether Neisseria gonorrhoeae that cause disseminated disease can be differentiated from non-invasive strains, we have performed a phenotypic and genotypic analysis on a selection of isolates obtained from invasive and uncomplicated infections in Canada. The increase in DGI was initially associated with a single antibiotic-susceptible gonococcal lineage, but later cases have been caused by diverse strains. Phenotypic analysis of a matched subset of 20 isolates obtained since 2013 found that these varied in their capacity to aggregate in suspension and in their association with serum complement proteins; however, these interactions did not discriminate between the invasive and mucosal isolates. Sequence typing of 360 Canadian isolates revealed that two variant porBa alleles are significantly associated with the DGI strains, one of these being present throughout the past decade, whereas the other emerged more recently. A PopNet-based population dynamics analysis, which instead establishes relationships based upon variance among discrete chromosomal segments, revealed that DGI isolates were restricted to distinct subpopulations within their phylogenetic distribution, implying a genetically linked potential to cause invasive disease. Consistent with this, a large number of genetic determinants are enriched in the DGI strains, making these enticing candidates to explain the increased capacity of N. gonorrhoeae to cause systemic infection and/or reduce the presentation of clinical symptoms from localized infection so that it remains untreated.IMPORTANCEThe re-emergence of disseminated gonococcal infections (DGIs) has raised concern that the virulence of some strains has increased due to their acquisition of a new capacity to remain asymptomatic during uncomplicated mucosal infection and/or to invade the bloodstream and persist upon establishing colonization at distal tissue sites. The molecular epidemiology of a very large incidence of DGI in Canada, which began from a single strain but then diversified with time, provided an opportunity to understand whether the invasive isolates were either phenotypically or genotypically related. While classical phenotypic analysis did not discriminate between mucosal and invasive isolates, a population dynamics-based approach established that the DGI isolates are present within distinct subpopulations of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and reveals genetic determinants that are linked to this phenotype. This suggests that the DGI phenotype emerged multiple times independently and/or the genetic features responsible have been transmitted among the populations.
The control of cell division plane orientation is fundamental for organizing developmental processes and shaping bodies of multicellular organisms. In plants, radial organ growth is mediated by the cambium, a stem cell niche embedded in expanding organs and continuously producing xylem and phloem in a strictly bidirectional manner. Cambium stem cells (CSCs) are unique in comparison with other plant stem cells as they consistently divide along their longest axis, clearly overriding the commonly found 'short axis' rule. Here, we investigated how cell division plane orientation is controlled in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) CSCs. We characterized successive microtubule organization during CSC divisions using immunolabelling and histologically compared wild-type, preprophase band (PPB)-deficient, and cortical division zone (CDZ)-deficient mutants. We found that division plane orientation is established independently from spindle orientation and the PPB. Instead, the orientation of division planes depends on the CDZ and CDZ-related PHRAGMOPLAST ORIENTING KINESIN (POK) proteins. Robust CSC division orientation is independent of the PPB, challenging the view that the PPB is universally required to stabilize plant cell divisions. Our results highlight the importance of wood-forming CSCs and their subcellular characterization as an instructive example for the determination of cell division orientation in plants.
Alginate hydrogels are highly valuable for a variety of biomedical applications, such as scaffolds for tissue engineering and carriers for cell therapy. Alginate, a natural polysaccharide derived from brown algae, is unique for its ability to form a hydrogel in the presence of Ca2+ and is biocompatible and biodegradable. There is an unmet need for robust detection of hydrogels after implantation in cell-based therapies. In this study, we tested the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy to detect alginate signatures and spatially mapping alginate in cryosectioned tissue samples following implantation of alginate scaffolds both with and without cells. We first characterized and validated Raman spectra of alginate. Then, we performed Raman spectroscopy on cell-laden alginate hydrogel microstrands that allow for high-density cell delivery. Furthermore, we used cyrosectioned mouse salivary gland tissue samples containing cell-laden alginate microstrands, which were prepared after in vivo implantation for 14 days, for Raman spectroscopy studies. We aimed to detect alginate and distinguish alginate in these tissue cryosections. We identified a region in the Raman spectra where alginate exhibited stronger signals than the tissue or freezing media. Specific Raman peaks at 816, 888, 959, 1300, and 1433 cm-1 were associated with alginate. By analyzing Raman spectra from samples containing alginate, cells, tissue, and freezing media, we were able to distinguish alginate from the other components using either characteristic spectral peaks or Classical Least Squares (CLS) analysis. Additionally, we applied high-resolution mapping using line scanning Raman microscopy, demonstrating the capacity of spatial mapping of alginate in cryosectioned salivary gland tissue samples at the molecular level. The high sensitivity and specificity of Raman spectroscopy make it a promising tool for identifying engineered materials in tissue engineering applications.