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Clinical management of chronic wounds remains a major challenge, stemming from their complex etiology, high infection risk, and pronounced inter-patient variability. While nanomaterials offer innovative solutions to overcome the limitations of conventional therapies via tunable physicochemical and biological properties, research into their rational design for chronic wound healing remains fragmented without a systematic framework. This review summarizes recent advances in nanomaterial design guided by the M.O.I.S.T. (moisture balance, oxygen balance, infection control, supporting strategies, tissue management) framework, elaborating how nanomaterials are precisely tailored for each core dimension: structural innovation to maintain an optimal moist microenvironment; oxygen-releasing/consuming nanosystems to regulate oxygen balance; multi-mechanistic infection control via PTT/PDT/SDT, nanozymes and advanced nanostructures; targeted support for pathological microenvironments (e.g., ischemia, hyperglycemia); and enhanced tissue debridement, proliferation and remodeling. We further discuss nanomaterials' emerging role in reshaping wound microbiota to restore immune-microbial homeostasis. This work establishes a clear M.O.I.S.T. framework-nanomaterial design correlation, providing theoretical and practical guidance for personalized nanotherapies, and finally outlines cutting-edge challenges and future directions to advance clinical translation of M.O.I.S.T.-guided nanomaterials.
Skin cancer is a highly heterogeneous malignancy with increasing incidence and limited therapeutic efficacy from conventional treatments due to poor specificity, inadequate drug penetration, and resistance. Nanomaterial-based platforms have emerged as promising strategies to address these challenges by enabling precise diagnosis and targeted therapy. This review summarizes recent advances in nanomaterial-mediated theranostics for skin cancer, including organic, inorganic, and biomimetic or hybrid nanosystems. Their roles in enhancing drug delivery through passive and active targeting, improving transdermal penetration, and enabling controlled release are highlighted. Emerging diagnostic approaches based on nanotechnology, such as imaging and biosensing, are also discussed for sensitive and noninvasive detection. In addition, nanoplatform-enabled multimodal therapies that integrate chemotherapy, phototherapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy are presented, with particular emphasis on microneedle-assisted transdermal systems. Despite the remaining challenges in terms of biosafety, scalability, and clinical translation, nanomaterials offer significant potential for advancing precise and personalized skin cancer management.
Chronic wounds constitute a global crisis that has a substantial financial and social impact on healthcare systems. Many attempts have been made in recent decades to create bioceramic-based wound dressing materials to aid in the healing process. Bioceramics are frequently used as materials or alternatives for bone repair because of their strong mechanical qualities. Both soft and hard tissues can be repaired thanks to the release of various metallic ions from bioceramics. Cell motility, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, angiogenesis, and antibiosis may all benefit from these ions. These substances can be added to sophisticated composite systems like hydrogels, porous scaffolds, films, and membrane-based dressings, or they can be used on their own as powders or suspensions of nanoparticles. Bioceramic-based wound dressings have a lot of potential, but their clinical application is still constrained by a number of issues, such as their inherent brittleness, low mechanical flexibility, poor degradation control, and occasionally inadequate interaction with the dynamic wound environment. However, incorporating bioceramics into scaffold-based platforms may help get around many of these restrictions. Furthermore, the scaffold architecture can improve the overall therapeutic performance of bioceramic systems by better simulating the extracellular matrix and enabling controlled delivery of bioactive components. This review focuses on advanced ceramic-based wound dressings and their role in enhancing structural support, promoting cell attachment and proliferation, and creating a favorable environment for skin regeneration.
Numerous case series have corroborated the efficacy of the first-line approach of platinum-based chemotherapy and avelumab maintenance followed by enfortumab vedotin monotherapy (PBC-AM-EV) in real-world patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. The present investigation aimed to characterize the baseline clinical and pathological characteristics and outcomes of the PBC-AM-EV treatment sequence in the advanced urothelial carcinoma population. ARON-2EV is a global retrospective study investigating the real-world use of EV in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. Two hundred and three patients receiving PBC-AM-EV were analyzed. Primary endpoints were disease response, therapy sequence duration, and overall survival. Secondary objectives included the evaluation of clinical factors associated with outcomes. Patient characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics; overall survival and therapy sequence duration were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and assessed with log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards models. Following a median follow-up of 23.1 months, the median overall survival from PBC initiation was 31.6 months, with a 2-year overall survival rate of 68%. Survival outcomes were consistent across most clinicopathologic subgroups, but were significantly influenced by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, prior response to PBC, and cisplatin-based regimens. Median therapy sequence duration was 26.5 months and was prolonged in patients with exclusive nodal metastases and cisplatin exposure. A 43% objective response rate was achieved by EV, including durable disease control, particularly among patients who benefited from prior PBC and avelumab maintenance. The PBC-AM-EV sequence demonstrates sustained real-world efficacy, with outcomes driven by baseline characteristics, platinum responsiveness, and preserved EV activity irrespective of prior immunotherapy response.
Patients with advanced TNBC with PD-L1 CPS < 10 are typically treated with chemotherapy and experience poor outcomes. Sacituzumab tirumotecan (sac-TMT; MK-2870/SKB264) is a trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (TROP2)-directed antibody-drug conjugate with a unique, bifunctional linker that maximizes payload delivery to tumor cells. Combining sac-TMT with immunotherapy may improve outcomes given their complementary respective direct cytotoxic and immune-mediated antitumor effects regardless of tumor PD-L1 expression. The TroFuse-011 study evaluates sac-TMT with/without pembrolizumab versus treatment of physician's choice (TPC; paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel, or gemcitabine plus carboplatin) in previously untreated, centrally confirmed, locally recurrent unresectable or metastatic TNBC with PD-L1 CPS <10. Eligible adults with measurable disease per RECIST version 1.1, ECOG PS 0/1, and tumor tissue sample for central PD-L1 and TROP2 testing will be randomized to receive sac-TMT (arm A), sac-TMT plus pembrolizumab (arm B), or TPC (arm C). Primary endpoints include progression-free survival (PFS; arm A vs C and arm B vs C) and overall survival (OS; arm A vs C). Secondary endpoints include PFS (arm B vs A), OS (arm B vs C and arm B vs A), objective response rate (arm A vs C and arm B vs C), duration of response, patient-reported outcomes, and safety. Enrollment is ongoing.Clinical trial registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier is NCT06841354. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a type of breast cancer which lacks expression of the estrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor, and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, represents approximately 10% to 20% of all breast cancers. Chemotherapy is a current first-line standard-of-care treatment for patients with advanced TNBC that has no or a low amount of a protein called PD-L1. However, many patients experience poor outcomes and additional treatment options are needed. A drug called sacituzumab tirumotecan (sac-TMT) binds to a protein on the surface of cancer cells called trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 and carries chemotherapy to those cells; this kills the cancer cells while minimizing the killing of healthy cells. This phase III study is investigating sac-TMT, either alone (treatment arm 1) or in combination with pembrolizumab (a drug that helps the immune system fight cancer; treatment arm 2) versus treatment of physician’s choice (treatment arm 3) in females or males 18 years of age or older who have advanced TNBC and have PD-L1 protein on less than 10% of cells in their tumors. Participants are randomly assigned to study treatment. Participants will be assessed for how long they live without their disease getting worse, how long they live overall, whether the tumor shrinks or goes away completely, and how long they respond to treatment; safety and quality of life will also be evaluated. This study is currently enrolling participants.
Graphene oxide, a 2D nanomaterial, has attracted significant attention for biomedical applications due to its exceptional properties, including tunable surface chemistry, excellent dispersibility, and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups that facilitate facile modification. Recent advancements in the synthesis and functionalization of graphene oxide-based materials have addressed their limitations, such as poor solubility and cytotoxicity, thereby making them safer and more effective for biomedical applications. This paper thoroughly outlines the structural attributes and principal qualities of graphene oxide-based materials, highlighting their mechanical strength, thermal stability, impermeability, electrical conductivity, and biological properties. Emerging developments in graphene oxide-based nanocomposites for fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, photoacoustic imaging, Raman spectroscopy imaging, and multifunctional therapeutic platforms are thoroughly examined. Their effectiveness in biomedical scaffolds, wound-healing systems, controlled drug-release platforms, and antimicrobial coatings has been highlighted. Notwithstanding considerable advancements, issues related to cytotoxicity, biodegradability, long-term biosafety, and scalable production continue to impede broad clinical translation. This study offers a cutting-edge overview of graphene oxide-based biomedical systems and outlines promising pathways for advancing safer, more effective, and clinically relevant graphene-based healthcare technologies.
Regenerative engineering harnesses materials science and stem cell biology to develop strategies to repair damaged and diseased tissue. Despite advances in designer materials, few techniques effectively provide auto-regulated feedback mechanisms that govern how cells sense and respond to discrete microenvironmental changes. Here, we demonstrate that the artificial, juxtacrine-like receptor synthetic Notch (synNotch) can be activated by endogenous multimeric cytokines in solution, without immobilizing materials, revealing a previously unreported activation modality and yielding up to 24-fold dynamic range. To broaden synNotch sensing to monomeric cytokines, we developed nMATRIX, a co-engineered material-cell platform that detects endogenous, soluble ligands and routes them to programmed gene circuits with spatially confined effects. nMATRIX can be tuned to recognize the interleukins IL-1β and IL-6 using synNotch receptors plus cognate biomaterials, yielding more than 68-fold dynamic range and converting these inflammatory inputs into orthogonal outputs that reprogram nearby cell phenotypes. nMATRIX functions across multiple cell types and can incorporate the synNotch-related SNIPR synthetic receptor platform. nMATRIX repurposed inflammatory signals and converted them into anti-inflammatory cues to modulate macrophage surface marker expression. Thus, nMATRIX couples native soluble cues to customized cellular responses with tunable sensitivity, offering a flexible materials-based approach for self-regulating regenerative therapies.
Dental caries remains the most prevalent chronic condition globally, yet conventional diagnostic methods often fail to detect early lesions. Biophotonics, the study of light-tissue interactions, provides a new diagnostic pathway by exploiting the inherent optical properties of enamel and dentin. Over the past decades, research has connected laboratory spectroscopy, molecular chemistry and clinical imaging to define how light-based diagnostics can reveal the earliest biochemical signatures of demineralization. Conventional diagnostic methods, including visual examination and radiography, remain indispensable but are limited in their ability to detect early subsurface lesions, assess lesion activity and characterize the biological status of affected tissues. Recent advances in biophotonics can be exploited to generate clinically relevant biomarkers of disease initiation and progression. This review examines the translational pathway linking fundamental photonic phenomena in dental hard tissues to contemporary caries detection technologies and biologically guided treatment strategies. Emphasis is placed on light transmission and fluorescence-based technologies, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, multiphoton microscopy, second harmonic generation (SHG), two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Experimental investigations have demonstrated that dentinal collagen degradation is associated with a progressive reduction in the SHG/2PEF ratio, while fluorescence and Raman studies have identified porphyrin derivatives and advanced glycation end-products as major contributors to the red fluorescence observed in active carious lesions. Beyond diagnosis, contemporary developments in minimally invasive dentistry increasingly integrate photonic biomarkers into the Bioactive Dental Concept, where lesion activity, cavitation status and individual caries risk guide the selection of preventive, minimally invasive and restorative interventions. Within this framework, photonic technologies may serve not only as diagnostic adjuncts but also as biological decision-support tools. Future integration of multimodal imaging, artificial intelligence and bioactive restorative materials may further enhance the precision and personalization of caries management. This evolution exemplifies the broader potential of biophotonics to bridge fundamental optical science and clinical oral healthcare.
This study aimed to evaluate the preparedness of diabetes educators (DEs) to support the use of MiniMed™ 780G in clinical practice, identifying knowledge gaps, onboarding barriers, success factors, and regional variations to inform a standardized training pathway for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) care. A cross-sectional, multiregional survey was conducted among 82 DEs from Africa, the Arabian Peninsula (Gulf States), Central and Eastern Europe, Türkiye, and Central Asia (June-July 2025). The questionnaire, adapted from a validated Delphi-derived tool, assessed knowledge and confidence, training challenges, success factors, educational needs, and professional development. Responses were collected using Likert scales, multiple-choice, and free-text fields. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, with graphics generated in Excel. Item-level missing data were handled by listwise deletion; all 82 participants completed the survey (100% response rate). A 23-question survey was shared with 82 DEs from four regions to assess their knowledge and confidence with MiniMed™ 780G, training challenges, success factors, educational needs, and educational pathways. Most DEs reported high confidence in key MiniMed™ 780G topics; however, confidence in managing high-fat/protein meals was lower (56.1%), highlighting the need for targeted education. Key professional development drivers included mentorship (24.9%) and strong educator networks (21.0%), with accreditation priorities emphasizing international certification bodies (25.6%) and continuing education (20.3%). Common challenges included managing patient expectations (33.6%), explaining SmartGuard™ (20.4%), lack of structured materials (17.1%), troubleshooting alarms (12.5%), and teaching device settings (11.8%). Specialist healthcare professionals are competent in the use of advanced diabetes technologies; however, standardized, personalized, and patient-centered educational programs are essential to fully realize their potential and ensure high-quality care for individuals with T1DM.
Osteosarcoma is widely concerned because it is a malignant tumor with a high incidence rate among teenagers. Although some chemical, physical, and synergetic technologies have been developed to treat malignant osteosarcoma, molecular mechanism of structural nanomechanics is indistinct, especially for inducement mechanism, malignant evaluation, and distant metastasis of osteosarcoma. We fabricated photo-responsive biomaterials as the biofunctional UV-mediated "cell adhesion" switch to construct the advanced microarrays on cell culture plates. The adhesion-automatic microarrays were modified with fibronectin and osteosarcoma cells were micropatterned on the microarrays by microscopy and AFM observation. The focal adhesion (FA) was matured in microarrayed osteosarcoma cells by adhesion phase separation. The influence of phase-separated FA-induced cytoskeleton bias on spatial mechanical property and force heterogeneity is investigated to disclose its interaction with nuclear activity in microarrayed osteosarcoma cells. Heterogeneous force remodeling could monitor nuclear force-sensing mechanotransduction, based on nuclear ectopia configuration by the evaluation of LaminA/C, Ki67 and YAP analysis. This study will provide theoretical potential for understanding phase-separated adhesion, heterogeneous mechanical remodeling, and nuclear force-sensing mechanotransduction of malignant osteosarcoma.
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is among the most prevalent forms of inherited generalized epilepsy in adolescents. It is characterized by photosensitivity and seizures triggered by photic stimulation. Previous magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies have demonstrated abnormal neural dynamics in JME; however, the ability of advanced electroencephalography (EEG) analysis to characterize these abnormalities remains unclear. This exploratory study investigated EEG-derived neurophysiological alterations in patients with JME and their potential relationship to photosensitivity. We analyzed EEG features such as temporal correlations, signal complexity, and spectral power distribution in 22 patients with JME and 22 healthy controls. The results revealed significant occipital differences between the patient and control groups. Specifically, the patient group had stronger long-range temporal correlations, higher signal complexity, higher relative delta power, and lower relative alpha power than did the control group. These findings correspond to the characteristic photosensitivity observed in JME and provide neurophysiological evidence linking regional brain changes to clinical manifestations. The spatial and spectral patterns identified through EEG are consistent with previously reported MEG findings. This indicates that advanced EEG is similar to MEG in its ability to characterize neurophysiological activity. These findings highlight EEG as an efficient and accessible tool for the clinical assessment of JME across health-care settings.
Computer-integrated surgical navigation systems are often run in the OR with the assistance of a technician for controlling the user interface and advising on technical details of the system. In lower-resource healthcare settings, limited access to additional OR staff and technical training for operating navigation systems can represent a barrier to sustainably deploying a low-cost surgical navigation solution. Recent advancements in locally deployable large language models (LLMs) have improved their ability to answer technical questions based on source materials and safely perform limited tasks on behalf of a user. The objective of this paper is to explore the feasibility of using a network of local LLM-based agents to act as a natural language interface for a low-cost surgical navigation system, facilitating hands-free manipulation of the user interface and providing documentation-grounded technical guidance. We propose the navigation offline virtual agent (NOVA), an end-to-end architecture that integrates distinct local LLM-based agents for knowledge tasks, action tasks, and delegation between the agents. Two semisynthetic benchmark datasets were generated for ablation studies of individual agents, and a prototype was built which integrates these agents into NousNav, an open-source neuronavigation system. The agents based on local LLMs were found to perform comparably to closed-source, commercially hosted LLMs. In a user study with nine participants, NOVA facilitated hands-free patient registration with a mean end-to-end latency of 10.4 ± 2.4  s and an 81% command success rate. This work demonstrates that local LLM-based agents can be deployed to support users of low-cost navigation systems by providing a context-aware natural language interface, representing an important step toward reducing technician dependence in low-cost surgical navigation.
To estimate the societal costs of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in France, including direct and indirect costs. We conducted a descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study on all adult patients (aged 18 and over) with T1D identified in the SFDT1 cohort and compared them to a matched cohort of patients without diabetes considering age, gender, deprivation status and geographical area. An Insurance claim data analysis was conducted for the year 2023 individually and then extrapolated to all of France. Costs were broken down by expense categories and insulin delivery devices. The average individual societal cost of T1D in France in 2023 compared with the absence of diabetes was estimated at €9940 (€9340 when considering direct costs only). Nearly half of the identified costs were attributable to the use of medical devices. An analysis stratifying patients by treatment modality (closed-loop, pump or multiple daily injections) highlighted the significant costs associated with the use of the most advanced technologies for delivering insulin (average costs were respectively €13 557, €11 062, and €7004, respectively). The total cost of T1D in France was estimated at between €1.59 and €1.79 billion in 2023 excluding undiagnosed cases and premature mortality associated with the disease. Our results suggest that the most advanced insulin delivery devices have a significant short-term economic impact. Although this paper does not cover the research, model-based studies do suggest that there are some advantages to using such devices, including potential future savings due to lower complication rates.
Fungal keratitis is a highly blinding ocular infection that demands innovative treatment strategies, moving beyond conventional antifungal therapies. In this study, we explore the potential of MoS2 nanodots engineered with sulfur vacancies, small sizes, hydrophilicity and surface positive charge as eye drops for effective fungal keratitis management. The tailored MoS2 nanodot-based hybrid nanomaterials (HNAF) exhibit remarkable antifungal efficacy through a synergistic interaction of their abundant sulfur vacancies and positive surface charges. The ultrasmall size and positive surface charge of HNAF allow the nanodots to pass through corneal epithelial barriers and electrostatically bind to the negatively charged cell membranes of Fusarium solani. The rich sulfur vacancies act as active catalytic centers that decompose local H2O2 into toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and deplete intracellular GSH under dark physiological conditions, without requiring external stimuli in fungal cells. This cooperation between barrier penetration and targeted catalytic oxidation leads to significant antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo with excellent biosafety. This research underscores the potential of MoS2 nanodot-based hybrid nanomaterials as a step forward in managing fungal keratitis, offering an antibiotic-free, safe, and potent alternative to current therapeutic modalities.
Organ-on-chip (OoC) platforms are increasingly adopted for predictive in vitro testing. However, most remain limited by soft-lithography-derived 2.5D microfluidic architectures and nonphysiological rigid materials, or bioprinting approaches that require complex and failure-prone post-fabrication assembly. Here, we present a versatile approach that integrates tomographic volumetric additive manufacturing (TVAM) directly within preassembled microfluidic chips, enabling rapid, contactless fabrication of freeform 3D OoCs. Leveraging our open-source optical simulation framework, Dr.TVAM, we perform TVAM in custom-designed chips, eliminating post-printing manual assembly steps that commonly lead to leakage, contamination, and poor reproducibility. This strategy, termed TVAM-in-a-chip, supports the generation of diverse 3D channel architectures in multiple biocompatible photoresins spanning a wide range of chemistries and mechanical properties, including cell-laden formulations. We demonstrate multi-channel designs, compatibility with confocal imaging, and dynamic culture of epithelial and endothelial models. Overall, TVAM-in-a-chip overcomes key limitations of current OoC technologies and paves the way for a new generation of scalable, biomimetic 3D platforms for advanced in vitro modeling.
In the USA, individuals who prefer to speak, read, or write non-English languages at home, i.e., non-English language preference (NELP) individuals, have nearly tripled over four decades, yet < 3% of clinical trials offer translation, and ~ 19% require English proficiency. Exclusion of communities with NELP limits generalizability by reducing sample representativeness and missing language-related effect modifiers, decreases patient-centered care and outcomes, and deepens healthcare inequities and mistrust. NELP is associated with worse clinical outcomes independent of race and ethnicity, suggesting unique barriers impacting research validity and effectiveness. Identifying such barriers and interventions to participation in prospective research among communities with NELP is therefore critical. Barriers span the research lifecycle: from limited funding, translated study materials, and research team communication during the planning phase to under-reporting language in dissemination. Interventions also span the research lifecycle, empowering all key players, from study teams to policymakers, including institutions and funding agencies that support standardized education and infrastructure. This includes better capturing language preferences in electronic health records, mandating language reporting through study milestones and publication, and increasing funding mechanisms for language-inclusive research. Despite significant barriers, the scientific community has the responsibility and power to improve language inclusivity, representativeness, and generalizability of prospective research.
Excessive use of antibiotics has caused the accumulation of their residues in food, which can promote the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and exert direct/indirect adverse effects on both animals and humans. Therefore, the selective and sensitive detection, regular monitoring, and ultrafast screening of antibiotic residues are essential to control their overuse in healthcare, agriculture, and livestock and poultry farming. Limitations of conventional detection methods, such as longer analysis times, the need for sophisticated instrumentation and skilled personnel, and high costs, have driven the development of integrated technologies and diverse organic and inorganic fluorescent sensors for antibiotic detection. In response to the significant health hazards and environmental threats posed by trace levels of antibiotics, researchers have been motivated to design and develop efficient fluorescent probes for their detection and quantification. The present review article examines various types of antibiotics, including their classification, structures, and established detection methods. Furthermore, the article highlights recent advancements, with a comprehensive exploration of different fluorescent sensors, including organic probes, Schiff bases and their metal complexes, metal-organic frameworks, quantum dots, nanoparticles, array sensors, and other sensing platforms for antibiotic detection, along with their respective advantages and limitations.
Comfortable ultrathin film electronics capable of continuous and long-term monitoring of physiological signals are in great demand for intelligent healthcare and body motion tracking. Conventional film sensors suffer from a trade-off between thickness and mechanical properties. Thus, it remains challenging to achieve a combination of superior breathability, ultralow thickness, excellent mechanical robustness, and reproducible electromechanical response in free-standing ultrathin film strain sensors. Herein, an electric-field mask electrospinning strategy is proposed to fabricate 6-8 micron-thick thermoplastic polyurethane fiber mat sensors with hierarchical pores and programmable surface topography inspired by the Cyperus rotundus leaf epidermis. These mats with hierarchical pores exhibit robust mechanical properties and a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 2103 ± 98 g m-2 day-1. Besides, ultrathin and permeable film strain sensors were fabricated utilizing polydopamine as an interfacial layer to tightly link TPU nanofibers and silver nanoparticles. The hierarchical pores in TPU mats evacuate local stress distribution to guide microcrack propagation at pore edges while retaining conductive pathways in the skeletons, thereby ensuring tunable sensitivity over a broad strain range. Such film strain sensors enable precise recognition of muscle movements, high-fidelity and sweat-resistant electrocardiogram monitoring, offering a reliable and scalable strategy for developing ultrathin, permeable, and mechanically robust film electronic skins.
Second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) fluorescence imaging (FLI)-guided photothermal therapy is a promising non-invasive strategy for tumor theranostics. However, existing photothermal agents struggle to balance high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) with strong fluorescence quantum yield (QY). Herein, an alkoxyl side chain engineering strategy was proposed to construct a series of donor-π bridge-acceptor-π bridge-donor (D-π-A-π-D) structured organic photothermal agents (TTQ1-TTQ6) enabling simultaneous NIR-II FLI-guided photothermal therapy. By introducing different alkoxyl side chains on triphenylamine donor or thiophene π-bridge, the photophysical properties including aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property, QY and PCE were regulated. TTQ2 NPs and TTQ6 NPs featured superior resolution and low background in in vivo NIR-II fluorescence imaging of the mouse blood vessels with high signal-to-noise ratio. Four alkoxyl chains attached to the donor moiety enhanced the intramolecular donor-acceptor interaction and effectively suppressed aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), enabling TTQ6 NPs to exhibit desirable NIR-II fluorescence and a high PCE of 46.5%. Encouragingly, TTQ6 NPs could effectively ablate both subcutaneous and orthotopic breast tumors and stimulate adaptive immune responses, which collectively reduced the risk of tumor recurrence. This study illustrates the potential of alkoxyl side chain engineering strategy in developing advanced photothermal agents for NIR-II FLI-guided theranostics.
Since its experimental realization in 2004, graphene has revolutionized materials science due to its extraordinary two-dimensional (2D) architecture and exceptional physicochemical properties. Graphene oxide (GO), a pivotal derivative of graphene, exhibits immense potential for multifunctional nanocomposites, attributed to its unique 2D framework, abundant surface functional groups, and excellent solution processability. This review establishes structural engineering as the foundational paradigm for designing graphene-based nanocomposites with integrated multifunctionality. We systematically examine how structural engineering governs multiscale architectures from atomic-level defect configurations to macroscopic assembly geometries and elucidate the underlying structure-property relationships through mechanistic frameworks including phonon transport theory, percolation theory, and composite micromechanics. In-depth analyses of multifunctional applications in mechanical engineering, electronics, energy storage, environmental remediation, and biomedicine are presented, with explicit attention to both demonstrated advantages and persistent limitations of each application category. Critically, we identify and analyze four key industrialization bottlenecks, including structural controllability, batch consistency, scale effects, and cost-effectiveness trade-offs that currently impede the transition from laboratory achievements to scalable manufacturing. By synthesizing existing research findings with industrialization considerations, this review offers a critical assessment of the field's current state and provides actionable theoretical guidance and technical pathways for the precise design and large-scale industrialization of graphene-based nanocomposites.