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Passive daytime radiative cooling has emerged as a promising zero-energy technology for reducing surface temperatures under direct sunlight. Recent advances in single-component cooling materials have improved solar reflectance and infrared emission. However, the fixed band gaps, refractive indices, and phonon modes of single fillers still impose intrinsic limitations, leading to unavoidable absorption dips and a restricted emissive bandwidth, thereby preventing these single-component cooling materials from maintaining strong cooling performance under intense solar irradiance. Here, we develop a composite material that incorporates binary BaSO4 and Al2O3 particles within a hierarchically porous cellulose acetate matrix. This hybrid binary-particles cellulose acetate material (BCA) enables a broadband solar reflectance of 96.0% and a mid-infrared emissivity of 95.2%. The BCA delivers daytime subambient cooling of up to 5.5 °C under solar irradiance of 1000 W·m-2 and reduces surface temperatures by more than 13 °C when applied to car exteriors, demonstrating its effectiveness for practical application under outdoor conditions. Energy modeling shows that the BCA delivers energy savings greater than 138 kWh·m-2 for building cooling in representative climates. The BCA also exhibits favorable cost performance, scalability, and recyclability, supporting its potential for large-scale implementation.
Two-dimensional superconductivity at KTaO3 (KTO) heterointerfaces has sparked intensive investigations since its discovery, yet whether the (001)-oriented KTO interface hosts superconductivity remains to be elucidated. Here, we provide unambiguous evidence of superconductivity in two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) at CaZrO3/KTO(001) heterointerfaces, with a superconducting transition TC up to ∼0.25 K. Notably, TC increases linearly with carrier density nS over the range of 4.5 × 1013-10.3 × 1013 cm-2. Furthermore, superconductivity exhibits a pronounced dependence on crystallographic orientation, with TC rising from 0.25 K for (001) to 1.04 K for (110) and 2.22 K for (111), underscoring the crucial role of interfacial symmetry in the CaZrO3/KTO system. The two-dimensional nature of the superconducting state is corroborated by the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition and the large anisotropy of the upper critical field. For the CaZrO3/KTO(001) sample with nS = 7.7 × 1013 cm-2, the estimated Ginzburg-Landau coherence length ξGL = 146.4 nm is larger than the superconducting layer thickness dSC = 10.1 nm by a factor of ∼14.5, confirming the significant two-dimensional confinement of the CaZrO3/KTO(001) superconductor. In addition, we demonstrate that the two-dimensional superconductivity at the CaZrO3/KTO(001) interface can be effectively tuned by applying a back gate voltage. Our findings reveal the existence of two-dimensional superconductivity at CaZrO3/KTO(001), providing a new platform for exploring two-dimensional superconductivity at oxide interfaces.
Continuous interface pressure monitoring is essential for proactive pressure ulcer (PU) prevention, yet the reliability of flexible capacitive sensors is frequently compromised by the accumulation of sweat and biofluids in clinical settings. The fundamental challenge arises from the significant dielectric mismatch between aqueous fluids and sensor materials, where fluid infiltration leads to severe signal distortion. Here, we present a liquid-immune wireless sensor system that leverages a robust superhydrophobic interface to eliminate this interference. The sensor unit features a hierarchical design combining a PDMS/MWCNT interlocking dome-array microstructure for pressure transduction with a spray-coated silica nanoparticle layer. Mechanistically, this surface engineering establishes a stable Cassie-Baxter state, trapping a persistent air plastron that physically isolates the sensing element from high-permittivity contaminants. Consequently, the device achieves a broad detection range (0-1.2 MPa) with a sensitivity of 5.22 × 10-3 kPa-1, while maintaining exceptional signal integrity even after 5000 compression cycles at 1.15 MPa and 24 h immersion in blood and tissue fluids. To realize a clinically viable platform, we integrated the sensor array with a custom smartphone application featuring built-in risk assessment algorithms. This user-centric interface provides intuitive visualization of pressure distributions via dynamic color-coded heatmaps and triggers intelligent alerts based on cumulative pressure-time exposure, offering a practical, artifact-free solution for proactive chronic wound management.
The formation of oxygen vacancies at buried LiPON/LixV2O5 interfaces has been observed on a near-nanometer scale and nondestructively using depth-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (DRCLS) and interfacial markers. Before electrochemical cycling, as-deposited LiPON/LixV2O5 exhibits a 1.6 eV defect optical emission, which density functional theory calculations identify as originating from oxygen vacancies. This defect appears first within a few nanometers of the buried LiPON/LixV2O5 interface without cycling, indicating that spontaneous O diffusion from the LixV2O5 lattice into LiPON may have caused these interface-localized oxygen vacancy defects. DRCLS measured the intensity and spatial distribution of this oxygen vacancy signal as a function of electrochemical cycling in a LiPON/LixV2O5 half-cell, showing oxygen vacancy signal increasing and moving deeper into the electrode with increased cycle number. Significant electrochemical irreversibility was also observed, with poor Coulombic efficiency and a 15% drop in capacity over 50 cycles. Theoretical simulations predict that the presence of oxygen vacancies increases the energy barrier for lithium diffusion significantly, indicating that this aggregation of oxygen vacancies could be another battery degradation mechanism accompanying lithiation induced phase changes.
Metal oxide supported metal catalysts are widely applied in industrial processes. Many of these materials dynamically evolve under reducing atmospheres, leading to metal nanoparticles partially or fully encapsulated by metal oxide shells, impacting catalytic performance. This phenomenon is known as strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) and is thermodynamically driven. However, understanding the metal/metal oxide interfaces derived from the broad and flexible compositional space and the large structural changes in SMSI structures is difficult to monitor experimentally. Here, we use density functional theory together with machine learning interatomic potentials and global minima optimization to investigate SMSI by building a set of interfaces between common catalytic metals (Ni, Pd, Pt) and reducible metal oxides (r-TiO2, CeO2, In2O3) at different reduction levels. Phase diversity arises from the competition between the formation of different metal oxides or binary alloys, while the local properties of the suboxide layers are responsible for the final architecture and composition determining the electronic properties of the material. Two descriptors related to the competition between alloy and oxide formation are proposed to elucidate the phase diversity. Our work provides a systematic approach to advance the design of SMSI-based catalytic materials by offering insights into the atomic-level architecture of the metal/metal oxide interfaces.
The limited regenerative capacity of bone and peripheral nerve tissues, together with the insufficient bioactivity and immunomodulatory control of commercially available coating materials, drives the development of multifunctional biomaterials capable of modulating cellular and immune responses. Herein, bacterially derived poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) (P(3HO)) was applied as a biodegradable matrix for nanocomposites incorporating layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and their turmeric (turm)-functionalized counterparts. Nanocomposite films containing 2 wt.% nanofillers were fabricated by solvent casting. Structural and physicochemical analyses confirmed successful functionalization (up to 60 wt.% turm), with a tendency to form microscale agglomerates within the polymer matrix. These agglomerates contributed to heterogeneous surface topography (Ra 0.9-7.9 μm) and governed the structure-property relationship in accordance with the Nanoarchitectonics strategy. Mechanical and surface properties were tunable, especially with a reduction in surface free energy of up to 24% for turm-containing nanocomposites. In vitro studies performed on mouse preosteoblastic (MC3T3-E1) and mouse neuroblastoma × rat glioma hybrid neuronal (NG108-15) cell lines confirmed a lack of toxicity, with cell viability exceeding 70% under both indirect and direct test conditions. All turm-functionalized materials supported cell differentiation and proliferation. However, the most favorable biological response was observed for P(3HO)_Zn/Al-turm, which exhibited enhanced neuronal proliferation of NG108-15 cells. Moreover, this system demonstrated robust immunomodulatory activity, inducing TGF-β1 secretion at ∼1787 pg mL-1 (comparable to the M2 phenotype) while maintaining controlled MMP-2 levels (∼19.9 pg mL-1) for human monocytic-derived macrophages (THP-1). In contrast, Ca/Al-based nanocomposites promoted osteogenic responses in MC3T3-E1 cells but showed lower neuronal proliferation. Importantly, incorporation of nanofillers overcame the intrinsic limitations of neat P(3HO), enabling neuronal growth and differentiation. These findings demonstrate that turm-functionalized P(3HO)/LDHs nanocomposites, designed according to the nanoarchitectonics concept, constitute a versatile platform integrating structural tunability and bioactive immunoregulation, opening remarkable perspectives for advanced coatings targeting bone and nerve tissue regeneration.
Two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures with outstanding frictional properties have sparked immense interest in the field of tribology. Here, graphene oxide (GO)-coated conductive probes were fabricated, and the frictional behavior of the GO/graphene heterointerface under varying bias voltages was investigated using conductive atomic force microscopy. The friction at the GO/graphene interface increases with applied bias, enabling real-time and reversible control within a low-bias regime. Owing to the dielectric property of GO and the electrical conductivity of graphene, charges accumulate at the interface. Because atomically thin thickness of 2D materials, the accumulated charges produce a large interfacial electrostatic force for stable friction control. However, the stability of this control decreases when high positive bias is applied. Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy and adhesion measurements indicate that strong electric fields enable a fraction of the accumulated electrons to tunnel through the GO barrier, thereby altering the interfacial electrostatic interactions. In contrast, high negative bias voltages induce electrochemical oxidation of graphene to varying extents, resulting in a permanent and substantial friction modulation. These findings advance the fundamental understanding of friction in 2D heterointerfaces and provide important insights for friction regulation and the development of electrically tunable smart tribological systems.
This study presents the development and characterization of eco-friendly hydrogel composites based on sodium alginate (SA) and two types of hydroxyapatite─stoichiometric (HA) and calcium-deficient (CDHA)─for potential agricultural applications, including soil conditioning and cadmium ion immobilization. The hydrogels were synthesized with varying concentrations of calcium chloride (0.25-0.5%) as a cross-linking agent and different HA/CDHA loadings. Comprehensive physicochemical analyses (X-ray diffractometer, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy/TEM, N2 adsorption/desorption) confirmed the successful incorporation of mineral fillers into the alginate matrix and revealed structural differences between HA- and CDHA-filled composites. Swelling studies demonstrated that both filler type and cross-linking density strongly affected water uptake and diffusion mechanisms. HA-filled hydrogels exhibited polymer relaxation-dominated swelling at low cross-linker concentrations, while CDHA-filled systems were governed primarily by diffusion. For Alg/HA gels with a filler concentration of 20%, 33.3%, and 50%, the equilibrium swelling degrees (Q∞) were 83.02 g/g, 59.36 g/g, and 31.60 g/g, respectively, while the corresponding values for CDHA-filled gels were 80.22 g/g, 81.62 g/g, and 46.48 g/g. When the cross-linker concentration was increased to 0.5 wt %, a substantial reduction in Q∞ was observed across all composite samples. Sorption experiments showed that the composites effectively sorbed cadmium ions (Cd2+) with maximum capacities of 157.7 mg/g (HA-filled) and 190.6 mg/g (CDHA-filled). Experimental data were better described by the Langmuir model. The specific surface area of CDHA was significantly higher than that of stoichiometric HA and equaled 123.6 m2/g, whereas the total pore volume of both hydroxyapatites remained similar. The mesopore surface area of CDHA was 102.8 m2/g, indicating better sorption properties than in the case of HA, for which this parameter was 57.7 m2/g. Biosafety tests using Pisum sativum and Lepidium sativum seeds confirmed the nontoxic nature of the materials. The composite hydrogels stimulated root elongation, and its high swelling degree supported water retention in soil. Owing to the ability to sorb Cd2+ ions, they promoted immobilization of heavy metals, limiting transfer of toxic species to crops. The applied hydroxyapatite improved soil fertility through the supply of mineral components. All these effects indicated that alginate-hydroxyapatite hydrogels can serve as multifunctional materials supporting more sustainable soil management in agriculture.
The discovery of new 2D materials is vital for advancing electronics and quantum technologies. As most 2D materials originate from layered bulk structures, identifying exfoliable crystals and estimating the energy required to isolate a single layer are critical steps. To address this issue, we developed a robust and computationally cheap approach based on the crystal graph construction via Voronoi partition, interaction strength estimation via bond valence theory, and the iterative removal of weak links while tracing the periodicity changes. We validated our method against literature and ab initio results proving that it can reliably identify layers and provide an approximate estimate of the interlayer binding energy suitable as a screening parameter. We subsequently applied it to analyze a large set of 48,504 preselected experimental crystal structures, uncovering 694 previously unreported 2D materials belonging to 530 different structural prototypes. Finally, we used ab initio simulations to offer an overview the structural and electronic properties of the isolated layers.
Oxide semiconductors have emerged as common channel materials in transistors and hold promise for next-generation electronics, yet achieving high mobility typically requires costly vacuum-based techniques. Here, ultrathin (5 nm) indium native oxide (InOx) prepared by ambient-air liquid-metal printing (LMP) at a low temperature (250 °C) is applied as a semiconducting channel in a field-effect transistor (FET). The resulting InOx is found to be polycrystalline, with large lateral grains that extend vertically throughout the film thickness. InOx FETs in a transfer length method configuration demonstrate a high conductivity mobility (μCON) of 125 cm2 V-1 s-1, with systematic analysis of contact resistance confirming the potential for channel length scaling. Integration with atomic-layer-deposited gate dielectrics further reveals excellent compatibility; for instance, an InOx FET integrated with HfO2 exhibits a high field-effect mobility (μFE) of 107 cm2 V-1 s-1, an on/off current ratio (ION/IOFF) of >107, a subthreshold swing (SS) of 204 mV dec-1, and a gate leakage of <10-6 A cm-2, while maintaining stable performance over 104 endurance cycles without degradation. Postfabrication oxygen plasma treatment is applied to achieve enhancement-mode operation, and a depletion-load inverter is demonstrated, exhibiting a voltage gain of 69.8 V/V. These results demonstrate the great potential of LMP InOx as a semiconducting channel in high-performance and power-efficient transistors for next-generation oxide electronics.
Strain engineering has been considered as a promising strategy for constructing strained two-dimensional (2D) materials to trigger inert basal planes and anchor single-atom active sites but continues to be a challenge. Herein, we present a curved molybdenum disulfide nanosheet with in-plane strain and anchored Pt single atoms (sMoS2-Pt). The strain engineering of curved MoS2 induces the formation of sulfur vacancies, while the introduction of Pt single atoms promotes the phase transformation of sMoS2 from semiconducting 2H to metallic 1T. According to theoretical calculations, the synergistic effect of the Pt single atoms and bending strain achieves a lower hydrogen adsorption energy (-0.04 eV), thereby enhancing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance. The sMoS2 with activated inert basal planes exhibits a lower overpotential of 72 and 102 mV across both acidic and alkaline electrolytes at 10 mA cm-2. When employed as a cathode in a proton exchange membrane water electrolysis cell (PEMWE), after continuous operation for 85 h at a constant voltage of 1.79 V, approximately 80.8% of the current density was still retained, demonstrating good stability. This work offers a strain engineering strategy for designing MoS2 and other 2D materials-based electrocatalysts and elucidates the HER mechanism of strained MoS2.
Understanding how chemical degradation influences proton transport in Nafion membranes is critical for improving the reliability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Here, we develop interpretable Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) frameworks to predict key transport properties, including vehicular and Grotthuss mechanism conductivities, and the tortuosity factor under varying water content, temperature, and degradation levels. Leveraging a high-fidelity, multiscale simulation data set, we trained a 3D convolutional neural network on voxelized membrane nanostructure data to predict proton conduction properties. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping is applied to highlight the spatial regions within the nanostructure that most strongly influence the predictions. We further develop random forest models based on extracted geometric features and macroscopic input conditions, with Shapley-value analysis used to quantify the impact of nanostructural and environmental factors. A fully coupled mechanism map is constructed to link hydration, temperature, and degradation with distinct conduction regimes. This visualization reveals how nanostructure aging reshapes proton conduction and provides a foundation for inverse design, which enables degradation-aware optimization of the membrane. Our study provides a multimodal AI framework capable of capturing both geometry and semantics in materials analysis and opens new avenues for predictive aging modeling and intelligent design in ion-conducting membranes.
Advanced applications featuring sub-microscale and nanoscale metallic structures, which include energy storage devices, nanophotonic elements, and nanoelectronic interfaces, require three-dimensional multimaterial structural elements. Here, we present an approach for highly localized meniscus-confined electrodeposition based on double-barrel nanopipettes capable of producing high-aspect ratio metallic structures with a wide range of elemental compositions. This is enabled by the possibility of finely tuning local ionic content directly inside the liquid meniscus by applying voltage bias between the barrels filled with different electrolytes. This provides a platform for fast switching between materials within a single voxel and the fabrication of smooth material gradients via tunable electrodeposition, which is also characterized by improved mass-transport and faster print rates. We demonstrate the capability of this approach by producing various arrangements of Cu-Au and Au-Pt voxels with ca. 200 nm lateral resolution, which are formed from fully dense (non-porous) polycrystalline metallic alloys with the evidence of metastable microstructural features.
Resolving proton transport at specific polymer-substrate interfaces is essential for understanding ultrathin ionomer films, yet conventional impedance spectroscopy under N2 typically yields only a single semicircle, inhibiting the clear discussion on substrate-dependent conductivity. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that combining extended low-frequency measurements under nitrogen environment with systematic modulation of interdigitated electrode (IDE) pad length enables experimental separation of multiple interfacial contributions in 54 ± 4 nm thick Nafion films. Nafion was deposited on IDE substrates containing SiO2 gaps and embedded Pt or carbon pads. Varying the pad length (20-100 μm) shifted the RC time constants associated with each interface, allowing the high-frequency (first, R1) and low-frequency (second, R2) resistance components to be distinguished under conditions where they previously appeared merged. After geometric normalization, the extracted proton conductivities became independent of IDE geometry. The high-frequency component corresponded to Nafion/SiO2 transport, whereas the low-frequency component reflected Nafion/Pt and Nafion/carbon transport. Even when not visually resolved on Nyquist plot, the second component yielded consistent conductivity values across pad lengths, establishing an intrinsic interfacial origin. The interface-specific conductivities associated with SiO2, carbon and Pt supports were of the same order of magnitude, with only modest differences (within a factor of about two) among them, while remaining highly reproducible across IDE geometries. This methodology provides the first geometry-independent framework for quantifying proton transport at individual interfaces in supported ionomer films under an inert atmosphere.
The coupling of superconductivity to unconventional materials may lead to novel quantum states and potential applications. Controlling the quality of the superconductor-normal metal interface is of crucial importance to the understanding and engineering of the superconducting proximity effect. In many cases, conventional lithography-based deposition methods introduce undesirable effects. Using the concept of via contact and dry transfer, we have constructed smooth, van der Waals-like contact between 3D superconducting NbN/Pd and graphene with low contact resistance of approximately 130 Ω μm. Gate-tunable supercurrent, Fraunhofer pattern, and Andreev reflections are observed, the properties of which can be understood using an induced superconducting gap Δ' in this planar contact geometry. We discuss potential mechanisms impacting the magnitude of Δ' and suggest ways of further increasing the proximity coupling. This gentle, lithography-free contacting method can be applied to air- and damage-sensitive surfaces to engineer novel superconducting heterostructures.
Prussian blue analogs (PBA) are promising sodium-ion battery (SIB) cathodes but are hindered by structural defects, lattice hydration, and unstable interfaces, which limit redox reversibility and cycling. This study combines synthesis control and binder engineering to address these issues. Using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium citrate in N2 coprecipitation with freeze-drying, Na2-δMnHCF_PVP_SC_N2_FD achieved higher crystallinity, fewer defects, and reduced excess and loosely bound interstitial water content. The optimized material exhibited a capacity of 92.9 mAh g-1, outperforming vacuum-dried (65.5 mAh g-1, +42%) and freeze-dried (80.2 mAh g-1, +16%) samples. The overall water content decreased, and the capacity retention reached 83.8% after 100 cycles, which was higher than that of the nonoptimized electrode. In addition, when a poly(acrylic acid)-polyaniline (PAA:PANI = 1:2) hybrid binder was applied, the initial charging capacity increased compared to that of PAA alone. Capacities of 127.8 mAh g-1 at 0.01 A g-1 and 56.8 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1 were achieved, and the capacity recovered to 88.6 mAh g-1 when the current density returned to 0.05 A g-1, corresponding to a retention of 82.34%. Although the recovery retention was lower than that of the PAA-only electrode, the PAA:PANI = 1:2 binder delivered the best overall rate performance by maintaining substantially higher capacities across the entire current density range. Long-term stability was also greatly improved, maintaining a capacity retention rate of 78.6 mAh g-1 even after 500 cycles, which is 41% higher than that of PAA alone. Thus, the synergies of defect-minimized synthesis and conductive binder chemistry can convert Na2-δMnHCF from a limited-performance PBA to a quantitatively validated high-performance cathode platform. This presents a path for next-generation sodium-ion cells with both durability and high-rate characteristics and provides a potentially generalizable framework for PBA design for sustainable large-scale energy storage.
Amino-functionalized carbon dots (CDs-NH2) are emerging as multifunctional nanomaterials for sustainable agriculture due to their tunable surface chemistry, water dispersibility, low toxicity, and inherent antimicrobial activity. In this study, we envisioned the application of CDs-NH2 as both antifungal and antibacterial materials against plant pathogens, thoroughly assessing CDs-NH2 internalization and their effects on plant growth and metabolomic profiles as well as defense responses to pathogen infection. Initially, CDs-NH2 were synthesized and fully characterized with a focus on morphology, structure, and their stability under biotic and abiotic environmental conditions. Antioxidant assays based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging demonstrated the redox activity of CDs-NH2. Fluorescence microscopy investigations demonstrated that CDs-NH2 can quickly penetrate plant and fungal cells. Confocal microscopy investigations, complemented by colocalization studies with endocytic tracer FM4-64, demonstrated that endocytosis is the primary mechanism for CDs-NH2 cellular uptake in Botrytis cinerea. Furthermore, CDs-NH2 were found to quickly penetrate plant cells, enhancing tomato seed germination and subsequent development. Quantitative chemical analyses indicated the absorption of CDs-NH2 via the root system of the rice seedlings. In vitro and in planta experiments have shown the efficacy of CDs-NH2 against phytopathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea) and bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato). In vitro antibacterial activity tests combined with metabolomic analyses via 1H NMR indicate that CDs-NH2 exert their antimicrobial activity straight on P. syringae and trigger defense responses in the plant upon infection. Overall, these findings highlight the dual role of CDs-NH2 as antivirulence agents and metabolic modulators, underscoring their potential as sustainable nanotools for integrated crop protection at the plant-pathogen interface while emphasizing the need for further investigation into their environmental and human safety.
The integration of ultrathin dielectrics on two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors is essential for advancing beyond-Si electronics. However, the intrinsic inertness of van der Waals 2D basal planes remains a primary bottleneck to achieving uniform dielectric nucleation and growth. Here, we introduce a small molecule inhibitor (SMI)-modulated thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) strategy, exemplified by aluminum oxide (Al2O3) ALD on monolayer molybdenum disulfide (1L MoS2) with acetic acid (HAc) SMI. The ABC-type sequence comprises HAc inhibitor (A), trimethylaluminum (TMA) precursor (B), and deionized H2O coreactant (C). In situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) studies reveal robust HAc adsorption on Al2O3 and suppression of subsequent oxide growth on HAc-passivated surfaces. When applied to 1L MoS2, this inhibitory pathway enables HAc to selectively passivate nascent Al2O3 nuclei formed on the MoS2 surface, limiting their three-dimensional (3D) island coarsening and redirecting precursor adsorption toward the uncovered basal plane. Consequently, nearly continuous ultrathin (∼1.5 nm) Al2O3 films are achieved on 1L MoS2 with markedly improved uniformity compared to standard Al2O3 ALD using TMA and H2O, as validated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further provide atomistic insight into HAc-modulated Al2O3 nucleation, corroborating the energetic preference of HAc for Al2O3 over MoS2 and attenuated TMA adsorption on HAc-passivated surfaces. Spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy also confirms that the HAc-modulated process preserves the structural integrity of 1L MoS2, with only minimal strain and doping perturbations observed after dielectric deposition. This SMI-modulated approach offers a broadly applicable framework for controlling ALD nucleation across various inhibitors, ALD chemistries, and 2D materials, opening opportunities for reliable dielectric integration in next-generation nanoelectronics.
The impermeable structure of personal protective clothing not only safeguards the wearer in hazardous environments but also traps heat and moisture, which can lead to heat stress. Moisture absorption can regulate humidity inside clothing to promote sweat evaporation and skin cooling, thereby alleviating discomfort. Herein, we developed a hierarchically porous superhygroscopic γ-PGA/UiO-66-NH2/LiCl composite hydrogel for effective moisture management. The material features a hierarchically porous structure combining macropores of γ-PGA and micropores of UiO-66-NH2 that enables efficient water capture across a wide humidity range. Synergistic effects between the porosity of MOFs and the anchoring action of γ-PGA allow the composite material to rapidly absorb water under a low humidity of 30% RH (reaching 20.08 mg/g within 12 min), significantly outperforming the pure γ-PGA hydrogel. Under a high humidity of 90% RH, the dominant role of LiCl enables exceptional water adsorption capacity (1909.86 mg/g at 200 min). The hydrogel achieves ultrahigh saturation moisture uptake of 0.36 g/g and 7.61 g/g under 30% and 90% RH, respectively. The structural stability is attributed to multiple intermolecular interactions including hydrogen bonding and coordination, which collectively contribute to a high tensile strength of 3.81 MPa. After 30 adsorption-desorption cycles and 45 tensile tests, the hydrogel maintains excellent cyclic durability and exceptional mechanical properties. When applied to protective clothing, the composite hydrogel reduces internal relative humidity significantly from 90.1% to 60.7% under moderate sweating and decreases evaporative resistance to just 29.3% of the original value, thereby enhancing the evaporation of sweat from the human body and greatly alleviating heat stress. This work not only focuses on the promising potential of the composite hydrogel in moisture absorption but also provides an effective strategy for improving thermal comfort in personal protective equipment.