Machine learning has created new opportunities for gas adsorption research using nanoporous materials, but the field's evolution remains insufficiently quantified. This study retrieved literature from the Web of Science Core Collection for 2010-2026 and retained 730 valid records from 1581 initial publications after screening. VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R were used to analyze publication growth, collaboration networks, journal sources, and thematic evolution. Results show that annual output remained generally below 20 before 2019, then increased rapidly and reached approximately 280 publications in 2025, indicating accelerated integration of machine learning with adsorption simulation, material screening, and performance evaluation. The source distribution broadened from a limited set of chemistry and engineering journals to diverse venues, with recent high publication weights in Chemical Engineering Journal, Separation and Purification Technology, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, and Journal of Materials Chemistry A. Collaboration analysis identified 10 compact author clusters, including groups associated with Randall Q. Snurr, Seda Keskin, Zhiwei Qiao, Qingyuan Yang, and Chongli Zhong, whereas the weak bridging links among clusters indicate that cross-community collaboration remains limited. Country and institutional analyses show that China, the United States, Canada, Iran, India, South Korea, and the United Kingdom are leading contributors, with Guangzhou University, Koç University, Northwestern University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, and the United States Department of Energy occupying prominent positions. Keyword evolution reveals a shift from adsorption behavior and porous adsorbents toward data-guided material selection, high-throughput screening, deep learning, Bayesian optimization, and performance optimization, offering guidance for data-driven adsorbent discovery.
As an emerging frontier in functional material science, multicolor fluorescent smart materials have garnered significant interest because of their inherent versatility and precisely tunable fluorescent characteristics, enabling the development of increasingly sophisticated and functional platforms. In this Outlook, we summarize the recent advances in small-organic-molecule-based multicolor fluorescent materials, covering their design principles, optical properties, and versatile applications. The various strategies for achieving multicolor fluorescence emission could range from classic approaches based on modulation of electronic excited states and molecular intrinsic structure to newly emerging methods, such as molecular conformation switching and regulation of molecular aggregation/packing. We also present the advanced applications of the multicolor fluorescent materials driven by these design strategies, including fluorescence sensing, anticounterfeiting, information encryption, and decryption. Finally, an outlook on the main challenges and future opportunities for multicolor fluorescent materials is previewed, aiming to accelerate the advancement of smart materials and devices. We hope that these insights will inspire further innovative research on multicolor fluorescent smart materials and their advanced applications.
To overcome the poor conductivity of pure MOFs and the structural collapse of MOF-derived carbons, this study constructed an electrochemical sensing interface by integrating high-surface-area UiO-66-NH2 with catalytically active bimetallic CoFe alloy-embedded N-doped carbon nanosheets (CoFe@NC). The composite exhibits uniform morphology, clear crystal structure, and a large specific surface area (227.58 m2·g-1), which contribute to enhanced enrichment and detection performance toward CA. This sensor demonstrates a wide linear range (0.001-7 μM) and an ultralow detection limit (0.29 nM), along with excellent anti-interference ability, reproducibility, and stability. By combining density functional theory (DFT) calculations with electrochemical experiments and in-situ Raman characterization, the roles of various components in composite materials during the CA oxidation process, the regulatory mechanism of bimetallic alloys on the electronic structure of the material, the reaction mechanism of CA at the sensing interface, and the synergistic enhancement effect of the bimetallic system were elucidated. When applied to red wine, green tea, blueberries, and apple peel, recoveries of this sensor ranged from 97.2 to 103.8%. The quantitative results were in excellent agreement with those obtained by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), confirming the high accuracy and reliability of this sensor. This work not only provides a high-performance sensing platform for trace CA detection in food but also offers a novel strategy for the design and application of electrochemical sensors based on hierarchically structured MOF composites through the deep integration of experimental and theoretical approaches.
The buried interface of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) PEDOT:PSS/perovskite in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) presents several challenges, such as low work function (WF) causing energy level mismatch, poor conductivity limiting transport, and defect states inducing nonradiative recombination and carrier loss. To address these issues, this work introduced the interfacial modifier sodium acetate (NaOAc) into the PEDOT:PSS precursor solution, enabling molecular-level modulation of the physicochemical properties of the buried interface. Experimental results confirm that sodium ions (Na+) preferentially coordinate with the sulfonic acid groups at the termini of PEDOT:PSS molecular chains, displacing the nonconductive H+ and forming a more ordered molecular packing. This ion-exchange process increases the WF of the PEDOT:PSS film at the buried interface (from 4.27 to 4.38 eV) while enhancing its conductivity by 55%, effectively optimizing interfacial energy level alignment and reducing the hole transport barrier. More importantly, the residual acetate anions exert an in situ passivation effect during the subsequent perovskite crystallization, coordinating with unreacted Pb2+ at the buried interface, thereby reducing the defect density by 11%. The optimized buried interface exhibits excellent carrier dynamics characteristics, with photoluminescence spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirming that the sodium acetate treated PEDOT:PSS buried interface reduces nonradiative recombination and enhances charge extraction. As a result, the device fill factor exceeds 81.7%, and the efficiency improves to 19.38%. When applied to mixed tin lead perovskite (FASnI3)0.6(MAPbI3)0.4, the optimized buried interface further demonstrates universal advantages, achieving an efficiency exceeding 21%. This work reveals the synergistic modulation mechanism of ion coordination engineering at the buried interface on carrier transport and recombination dynamics, providing a new paradigm for the development of high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells.
Piezoelectric dynamic therapy utilizes the acoustic-electric conversion of piezoelectric materials under ultrasound (US) to generate abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill tumor cells, offering an attractive protocol for tumor therapy. However, traditional piezoelectric sonosensitizers generally exhibit wide band gaps, resulting in suboptimal charge separation, low ROS generation efficiency, and insufficient induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD), which limits their therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we report a narrow-band gap piezoelectric nanoplatform engineered from porphyrin-osmapentalyne hybrids (P-OsPT). By strategically coupling anti-Hückel carbolong electron acceptor (A) with a Hückel-compliant porphyrin electron donor (D), a pronounced A-D-A architecture is established. The incorporation of osmium within the carbolong framework facilitates a dπ-pπ conjugation system, which not only significantly narrows the band gap and provides efficient channels for intraparticle charge transport but also imparts piezoelectric properties to the material. Under US irradiation, P-OsPT nanoparticles (NPs) achieve efficient acoustic-electric conversion, resulting in high ROS generation efficiency. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that P-OsPT NPs-mediated piezoelectric immunotherapy can effectively kill tumor cells while inducing ICD, resulting in activation of immune response and inhibition of tumor metastasis. This study highlights the potential of carbolong complexes as a versatile platform for piezoelectric immunotherapy.
Hydrogels are versatile soft materials extensively applied in biomedical fields including tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biosensing. A critical challenge in these applications is maintaining hydrogel integrity at the target site, as the loss or displacement of the hydrogel can compromise tissue regeneration, therapeutic delivery, or sensor functionality. Adhesive hydrogels, therefore, are essential to ensure stable interfacial interactions with biological tissues. Silk fibroin, a natural polymer, offers biocompatibility, low toxicity, tunable mechanical properties, and controllable biodegradability, making it a promising candidate for hydrogel scaffolds and biosensor substrates. However, its limited functional sites restrict intrinsic adhesion, necessitating strategies to enhance interfacial bonding. This Review systematically examines approaches to improve the adhesion of silk-fibroin-based hydrogels, including chemical modification, incorporation of functional polymers, and catechol-mediated interactions, alongside the mechanistic principles underlying each strategy. Representative applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biosensing are highlighted to demonstrate their translational potential. By integration of design strategies with mechanistic insights, this work provides a framework for developing silk-fibroin-based adhesive hydrogels tailored for specific tissue interfaces, enabling robust, multifunctional, and clinically relevant biomaterials for advanced biomedical and diagnostic applications.
Biopolymer based nanofibers are attractive scaffold materials for tissue engineering because their properties can be tuned through both processing and composition. In this study, microbial inulin produced by Salinivibrio costicola GM01 was incorporated into poly-(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to fabricate electrospun PVA-inulin (PI) nanofibers, and the effects of electrospinning parameters and inulin content on their morphology and scaffold related properties were systematically examined. The applied voltage (21-25 kV), solution flow rate (0.25-1.25 mL h-1), and needle to collector distance (14-18 cm) were optimized, and the most uniform bead-free fibers were obtained at 23 kV, 1.00 mL h-1, and 15 cm. Increasing inulin content (1-5 wt %) increased the average fiber diameter from 148.03 ± 29.12 to 374.94 ± 65.17 nm and reduced the crystallinity of the PVA matrix. Inulin incorporation also increased the swelling ratio from 987.42% to 1584.45% and accelerated matrix degradation under PBS and compost soil conditions. Among the tested formulations, PI1 showed the most balanced performance, with the highest tensile strength (6.01 ± 1.12 MPa). Preliminary MTT testing with HepG2 cells showed no evidence of cytotoxicity for any formulation, with PI1 exhibiting the highest mean cell viability after 48 h. Overall, microbial inulin serves as a sustainable additive for tuning the structure and functional response of PVA nanofibers, and the resulting materials represent a promising preliminary scaffold platform for hepatic cell culture and future soft tissue engineering studies.
This study aims to evaluate the impact of graphene nanoplatelets functionalized with different silanes on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of a resin, as well as to determine how these modifications influence the overall structural performance of the material when applied in dentistry. To prepare the composites, functionalized graphene nanoplatelets were incorporated into photosensitive acrylic resin at a concentration of 0.250% (w/w) by using the sonication method. Subsequently, the samples were fabricated through 3D printing. Characterization of the composites was performed through Raman spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, abrasion resistance analysis, thermomechanical analysis, and cytotoxicity testing. The incorporation of silane-functionalized nanoplatelets resulted in enhanced chemical modification of the resin surface, rendering the composite hydrophobic and reducing mass loss due to abrasion, particularly when 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate (TMPSP)-functionalized nanoplatelets were used. However, greater material deformation and expansion were observed when incorporating pure or silanized graphene nanoplatelets. Cytotoxicity testing demonstrated that the materials utilized in this study do not induce adverse health reactions over a specific period. With significant advancements in 3D printing technology and the growing market for nanotechnology and nanomaterials, various sectors, including dentistry and medicine, have undergone transformative changes, leading to improvements in treatment protocols and healthcare practices. The findings of this study are particularly important, as they pave the way for the development of high-performance dental composites with tailored properties for specific applications. The successful incorporation of functionalized graphene nanoplatelets into resin-based composites offers a promising strategy to enhance critical factors for the durability and longevity of dental restorations. Moreover, the use of 3D printing technology provides precision and customization, enabling the production of complex geometries with superior structural integrity. Thus, the integration of nanotechnology and additive manufacturing represents a significant step toward the development of innovative dental materials capable of meeting increasing expectations for biocompatibility, functionality, and long-term stability.
In this study, the performance of an intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) system in recycled polypropylene (PP) was investigated. To this aim, virgin and reprocessed PPs were melt-compounded with 21 wt % of an IFR consisting of piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) (2:1 ratio), and the obtained materials were characterized in terms of morphology and rheological and combustion behavior. Cone calorimetry results showed that although both IFR-containing materials exhibited a similar reduction in heat release rate as compared to the unfilled matrices, the recycled PP-based system displayed a higher time to ignition and a pronounced delay in the second heat release rate peak. The observed behavior was explained by considering the formation of a more compact and denser char, likely promoted by the finer dispersion of IFR particles achieved in the low-viscosity recycled PP matrix. Furthermore, both materials achieved a V-0 rating in UL-94 testing and comparable LOI values. Finally, the assessment of the mechanical behavior of both systems demonstrated that the utilization of recycled PP does not compromise the tensile and flexural strength of the material, notwithstanding a slight decrease in ductility as compared to the virgin PP-based counterpart. Overall, these findings demonstrate that recycled PP can be effectively used in flame-retardant formulations, broadening its potential applications while reducing dependence on virgin materials and supporting the development of circular economy approaches.
Developing sustainable high-performance composites is crucial for achieving circularity in advanced structural materials. Herein, we report a fully bio-based strategy for constructing recyclable carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFRCs) based on dynamic non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) matrices. Three cardanol-derived amine curing agents with tunable functionalities were rationally designed and synthesized from renewable cardanol, and subsequently reacted with lignin-derived cyclic carbonates (LCCs) to form a robust yet reprocessable NIPU network. Structure-property analyses reveal that the molecular architecture of the cardanol-derived curing agents governs the balance between network rigidity and flexibility, thereby tailoring the thermomechanical performance of the NIPUs. Optimizing carbonate structures and amine functionality yields polymers that combine high mechanical strength (tensile strength: 44.5 MPa) with excellent thermal and solvent resistance. The presence of hydroxyurethane linkages confers dynamic covalent character via reversible transcarbamoylation, imparting efficient reprocessability and pronounced multiple-shape-memory effects. Notably, the reprocessed NIPU retains >75% of its initial tensile strength after three hot-pressing cycles. As CFRC matrices, the optimized NIPU ensures outstanding interfacial adhesion and closed-loop recyclability, allowing solvent-assisted deconstruction to recover carbon fibers with nearly preserved mechanical integrity. This research establishes an eco-friendly and scalable approach to producing entirely renewable, recyclable and superior-performance composite materials for sustainable engineering applications.
This work proposes the use of lignin and cellulose as fillers in the production of composites based on the resin Plantics-GX, a biopolymer commercialized by Plantics B.V., which serves as a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics as it is derived from renewable sources. In the context of the growing demand for environmentally friendly materials, the development of biobased composites represents a key step toward sustainable engineering solutions. A statistical mixture design of experiments was applied to ensure reliable modeling of the formulation and to optimize the component proportions to maximize the composite's mechanical performance. The tests reported in this paper showed that adding fillers to the Plantics resin increases the mechanical properties of the composite, making it mechanically stronger and more thermally stable, allowing it to be used more securely across a broader range of applications.
The surface characteristics of biomaterials are essential to the clinical performance of dental implants, as surface modifications directly affect their mechanical, electrochemical, and biological behavior. This study aimed to identify the most advantageous surface treatment-substrate combination, providing insights that support the development of more durable, bioactive, and clinically effective implant materials. Two surface modification techniques were investigated: sandblasting followed by double acid etching (SLA-like surfaces) and bioactive coatings enriched with calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) produced by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO-CaP), applied to commercially pure titanium (cpTi) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Polished discs of both substrates were divided into six groups (cpTi, Ti6Al4V, cpTi-SLA, Ti6Al4V-SLA, cpTi-PEO, and Ti6Al4V-PEO) and evaluated for their microstructural, mechanical, electrochemical, biological, and bioactive properties. Compared with cpTi, Ti-6Al-4V exhibited higher hardness and mechanical strength, whereas PEO coatings enhanced corrosion resistance by promoting the formation of anatase and rutile crystalline phases. SLA treatment resulted in roughened topographies with pronounced microdepressions, whereas PEO formed porous oxide layers enriched with Ca and P, which enhanced surface bioactivity and provided a more favorable substrate for osteoblastic differentiation compared with SLA. Notably, all tested surfaces induced hydroxyapatite formation, reinforcing their bioactive potential. Collectively, these findings indicate that PEO treatment, particularly on Ti-6Al-4V, provides a synergistic enhancement of mechanical robustness and corrosion resistance, supporting its potential as an effective surface modification strategy for dental implants.
Dental caries, periodontitis, oral mucosal inflammation, peri-implant infections, and oral tissue defects remain major clinical burdens. Conventional treatments, including antimicrobials, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, and regenerative materials, are frequently limited by rapid clearance from saliva-exposed oral surfaces, insufficient discrimination between pathogenic and commensal microorganisms or between diseased and healthy tissues, antimicrobial resistance in biofilm-associated infections, and inadequate support for functional tissue repair. In this context, bioactive peptides have emerged as promising therapeutic agents for oral applications because of their structural tunability, biocompatibility, and broad antimicrobial, antibiofilm, immunomodulatory, and regenerative activities. However, their clinical translation is restricted by enzymatic instability, short residence time, limited penetration in complex oral microenvironments, and inefficient delivery. This review summarizes recent progress in bioactive peptides for oral diseases, with particular emphasis on biomaterial-assisted therapeutic strategies. We discuss how peptide design, functional modification, and biomaterial platforms, including nanoparticles, hydrogels, coatings, and mucoadhesive systems, improve peptide stability, local retention, controlled release, and site-specific activity. We further highlight applications in infection control, inflammation regulation, soft and hard tissue regeneration, biosensing, and targeted therapy. Finally, we outline translational challenges, including safety evaluation, scalable manufacturing, and reproducibility, and discuss emerging solutions enabled by rational peptide engineering, artificial intelligence-guided design, and synthetic biology. Overall, integrating bioactive peptides with applied biomaterial systems provides a promising framework for next-generation oral therapeutics.
Cobalt single-atom catalysts (SACs) hold significant promise for water decontamination. However, the simultaneous achievement of both high Co loading and stability continues to pose challenges. Herein, we report a surfactant-templated (CTAB/TMB) synthesis of Mg-stabilized Co single atoms anchored in mesoporous silica (600CoMg/MS). This facile strategy yields a high Co loading of 5.97 wt % while preserving a high specific surface area of 457.359 m2/g. Multiple characterizations (FT-IR, XPS, XAFS, TEM and BET) confirm that magnesium silicate plays a pivotal role in stabilizing the Co-O bonds and enhancing the specific surface area. When applied to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for 5-fluorouracil (5-FLU) degradation, 600CoMg/MS achieves >97% removal in 30 min and maintains 95% removal after four cycles. Comparable performance is retained even after fabricating the powder into a ceramic monolith. EIS, LSV and i-t confirm Mg-enhanced charge transfer: smaller arc radius, higher current upon PMS addition, and current rise/fall upon sequential PMS/5-FLU, evidencing electron transfer to PMS to generate ROS for 5-FLU degradation. Moreover, the catalyst exhibits stable performance in real water matrices (e.g., lake water, river water) and shows low biotoxicity toward seed germination. Radical quenching and EPR confirm SO4•-, O2•-, and 1O2 as the dominant reactive species, with •OH playing a minor role. By employing a simple extrusion forming strategy, catalysts were flexibly designed with varying lengths and shapes. This work thus establishes a new paradigm for Co SACs confined in mesoporous structures toward sustainable environmental catalysis.
Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), synthesized from pinewood waste biomass through a pyrolysis-temperature-controlled route at 450, 600, and 900 °C, were investigated for their influence on the hydration behavior, microstructure, and mechanical performance of cementitious composites at both cement paste and concrete scales. The graphene materials synthesized from biochar in this work are designed as replacements for conventionally synthesized GO and/or rGO from graphite, offering comparable performance while enabling production from renewable sources at an accessible cost. Comprehensive material characterization confirmed the successful formation of partially layered carbon structures. Incorporation of GO and rGO, which are synthesized from biochar by referring to BCGO and BCrGO, respectively, into cement pastes at a fixed dosage (0.05% by weight of cement (BWOC), used as an additive) resulted in accelerated hydration kinetics and enhanced development of hydration products without the formation of additional crystalline phases, indicating refinement of the hydration process rather than alteration of cement chemistry. Microstructural analysis revealed strengthened Si-O-Si and Si-O-Ca bonding environments, accompanied by a denser and more homogeneous cementitious system. Microphotographic observations further confirmed improved interfacial bonding between hydration products and graphene materials. At the concrete scale, the addition of GO and rGO at varying dosages (0.05 and 0.5% BWOC) as concrete additives resulted in consistent improvements in mechanical performance. Compressive strength increased by up to 10%, while flexural and tensile strengths improved by about 9% from all mixes. The most pronounced property enhancement was observed in the modulus of elasticity, with up to 55% enhancement. Concrete density, pH, and Poisson's ratio remained essentially unchanged, indicating improved mechanical properties without compromising ductility or chemical stability. These findings highlight the potential of renewable biochar-based GO and rGO as high-performance additives at the desired pyrolysis temperature, capable of enhancing mechanical and microstructural performance without compromising essential cementitious properties.
The fabrication of high-performance submicrometer copper indium sulfoselenide (CISSe) absorbers from environmentally friendly solutions offers a promising strategy to reduce material consumption and enable large-scale production. However, the presence of a carbon residual layer in solution-processed absorbers typically limits device efficiency. To address this issue, this research employs a copper-indium-thiourea-N,N-dimethylformamide (Cu-In-TU-DMF) solution to fabricate high-quality CISSe (without a carbon residual layer). Furthermore, to mitigate nonradiative recombination loss, randomly distributed dielectric silica (SiO2) nanospheres (250 nm in diameter) are incorporated near the rear interface of the absorber. As a result, the proposed strategy simultaneously improves open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), and fill factor (FF), resulting in a champion device efficiency of 9.9%, with a Voc of 496.2 mV, a Jsc of 29.4 mA/cm2, and an FF of 67.6%. Moreover, when the SiO2 nanospheres are applied to passivate the rear interface of a semitransparent CISSe device fabricated on an indium tin oxide (ITO) back contact, all photovoltaic parameters are boosted. In summary, our research demonstrates that embedding SiO2 nanospheres into the absorber layer provides a simple and effective strategy for enhancing the performance of solution-processed solar cells. This method can be easily applied to other solution-based photovoltaic technologies, such as copper indium gallium selenide (Cu(In,Ga)Se2), copper zinc tin selenide (Cu2ZnSnSe4), antimony selenide (Sb2Se3), silver bismuth sulfide (AgBiS2), and perovskite solar cells.
Bimetallic nanoparticles are promising catalysts that can improve performance in heterogeneous catalysis and solid-state electrochemistry. Exsolution is a useful method for forming such nanoparticles; however, it is limited by the elements present within the host oxide lattice. In this work, we develop and demonstrate a strategy to form bimetallic particles from La0.5Sr0.5Ti0.94Ni0.06O3 (LSTN) exsolution and using a reducible SnO2 capping layer, expanding the range of elements available for bimetallic nanoparticle formation. Using this capping layer strategy, we formed nickel-tin (Ni0-Sn0) bimetallic nanoparticles via exsolution. We used in situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to monitor surface chemical changes during exsolution, showing that first, SnO2 volatilized. This SnO2 loss exposed the perovskite surface of LSTN to reducing conditions, which induced Ni exsolution, and compounded with SnO2 reduction led to the formation of bimetallic Ni0-Sn0 particles. To evaluate the associated microstructural evolution, we measured grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), which confirmed the loss of the SnO2 capping layer, and scattering simulations suggested the formation of bimetallic particles. We confirmed the bimetallic nanoparticle composition and morphology by Auger spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The resulting bimetallic nanoparticles were smaller and more thermally stable than the monometallic Ni counterparts on LSTN. This capping layer and exsolution approach allow synthesizing multimetallic nanoparticles and can be applied to other reducible metal oxides and perovskite hosts, broadening the compositional space for advanced catalytic materials.
Spin-orbit-torque-driven auto-oscillations in spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs) provide a promising route toward energy-efficient, nanoscale microwave devices for neuromorphic computing and high-frequency technologies. Achieving robust oscillations requires lowering the threshold current (Ith), governed by the spin Hall efficiency (θSH). Conventional approaches to enhance θSH often involve trade-offs, such as increased resistivity and interfacial effects. Here, we demonstrate a pronounced enhancement of the bulk spin Hall effect in PtBi alloys via crystallographic engineering, achieving a 3-fold increase in θSH from 0.07 in Pt100.0Bi0.0 to 0.24 in Pt94.0Bi6.0 and 0.19 in Pt91.3Bi8.7, extracted from DC-bias spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance. The enhancement arises from bulk-dominated extrinsic side-jump scattering. Correspondingly, Ith is reduced by 42% and 32% in 100 nm SHNOs based on Co40Fe40B20(3 nm)/Pt94.0Bi6.0(4 nm) and Co40Fe40B20(3 nm)/Pt91.3Bi8.7(4 nm), respectively. The devices exhibit narrower linewidths (∼25 MHz), enhanced quality factors (350 ≤ Q ≤ 550, ∼4× higher than Pt (Pt100.0Bi0.0)), and a 61.6% reduction in threshold power. These findings establish PtBi alloys as efficient spin Hall materials, enabling reduced power consumption for SHNO-based neuromorphic and memory technologies.
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as a class of promising electrocatalysts for energy-conversion reactions. In addition to catalytic activity, stability under the reaction conditions is paramount for practical applications. Understanding the dissolution behavior of these multimetallic, complex nanomaterials is therefore essential. Here, we study the dissolution of Os-Ru-Rh-Ir-Pt alloys of different phase compositions to elucidate the influence of elemental mixing on the stability of the materials. The trends in the elemental dissolution are interpreted through theoretical simulations. Combined with local composition analysis from transmission electron microscopy, we identify how local elemental segregation affects the dissolution behavior of precious metal HEAs.
Injectable bioactive microgels (MGs) are in high demand in minimally invasive bone regeneration, but their fabrication presents significant challenges. Specifically, creating composite MGs that are structurally stablerequiring high polymer concentrationsand containing a bioactive mineral phase is technologically difficult due to high viscosity, leading to inconsistent particle formation and system clogging. Our objective was to develop a novel temperature-controlled emulsification method to overcome these limitations and to produce and characterize MG from a brushite-mineralized highly concentrated gellan gum/sodium alginate (GG/SA). The setup allowed us to successfully produce uniform spherical MG with a controllable mineral content of up to 30% and a mean diameter below 100 μm. SEM/EDS, FTIR, XRD, and TG analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of a nanocrystalline brushite phase, which provided significant structural stability to MGs. In vitro assays demonstrated that all MGs are cytocompatible with MG63 osteoblast-like cells. Cell culture experiments in dynamic conditions revealed that the mineralized MGs support cell adhesion and spreading, contrasting with the nonmineralized controls, where no cell anchorage was observed. These findings demonstrate that precise temperature control is a successful strategy for processing high-viscosity GG/SA solutions into uniform MGs. The resulting materials combine the structural and bioactive benefits of a nanocrystalline brushite phase with the established biocompatibility of a GG/SA matrix. Ultimately, this work establishes an accessible and versatile temperature-controlled fabrication platform. While successfully demonstrated here for GG/SA/brushite composites, this setup can be broadly applied to process other high-viscosity, thermoresponsive biopolymers, opening new avenues for the tunable production of advanced MGs in tissue engineering.