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This study presents the development and characterization of cellulose acetate (CA) and CA reinforced with 5 wt % hydroxyapatite (CAHA5) as printable bioinks for extrusion-based 3D printing of scaffolds targeting bone tissue engineering. The printed scaffolds were evaluated for morphology, mechanical performance, surface characteristics, and biological response. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed scaffold integrity and successful HA incorporation, while contact angle, degradation, and swelling measurements revealed tunable surface wettability and fluid uptake. Mechanical testing under compression and tension showed that HA incorporation reduced strength and increased brittleness compared to pure CA, while stiffness values remained within reported ranges for printed scaffolds. Biological assays using mice mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) showed favorable adhesion and osteogenic differentiation, particularly on CAHA5 scaffolds. These findings suggest that CAHA5 bioinks offer a promising route for fabricating biocompatible and osteoinductive scaffolds, where enhanced bioactivity is achieved despite a moderate reduction in mechanical strength compared to pure CA.

Antibiotic resistance, particularly in biofilm-associated infections, represents a major global health challenge. The increasing rate of multidrug-resistant pathogens, coupled with the slowdown in antibiotic discovery, underscores the urgent need for antibiotic-free therapeutic strategies. In this context, multimodal phototherapeutic agents that combine photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) offer significant potential. However, despite extensive efforts in antimicrobial phototherapy, photosensitizers (PSs) capable of delivering dual PDT/PTT activity against broad-spectrum bacteria remain limited. Herein, we report a PEGylated and brominated amino-hemicyanine derivative (HoB-PEG) as a multimodal PDT/PTT agent to effectively eradicate a broad spectrum of clinically relevant pathogens. PEGylation of the hemicyanine core has been shown to address the chronic limitations of organic PSs, such as aggregation in aqueous environments, dark toxicity, and low photostability, thereby enhancing therapeutic outcomes, particularly the PTT effect. In addition to improved PTT outcomes, HoB-PEG generated both type-I and type-II reactive oxygen species (ROS), a critical characteristic that enhances PDT efficacy. HoB-PEG-mediated dual phototherapy resulted in complete inhibition of two Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and four Gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) bacteria, without remarkable dark toxicity. Notably, the strongest activity was reported in P. aeruginosa, an exceptionally difficult-to-treat pathogen. HoB-PEG also demonstrated potent inhibition of biofilms formed by the same bacterial strains under 640 nm laser irradiation. In contrast, the non-PEGylated analogue (HoB) caused severe dark toxicity in most bacteria and fibroblast cells, which limits its practical utility, and showed reduced efficacy in most bacteria. Additionally, HoB-PEG retained sufficient fluorescence emission to enable bacterial imaging. The combined PDT/PTT activity, broad-spectrum antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy, minimal cytotoxicity, and imaging capability position HoB-PEG as a promising phototheranostic platform for combating resistant bacterial infections.

The development of bioinspired nanofibrous scaffolds with adjustable functions is essential for a range of applications, from tissue engineering to sustainable materials that exploit the hierarchical architectures of Bombyx mori silks. In this work, we report the production of organic-inorganic nanofibers by incorporating the organosilane (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) into silk fibroin using the solution blow spinning (SB-spinning) technique. The incorporation of APTES aims to modulate solution rheological properties, promote conformational transition to β-sheet-rich structures, and increase the thermal stability of the resulting nanofiber, making them more suitable for biomedical applications. Silk fibroin was isolated from B. mori cocoons, dissolved in a ternary CaCl2/EtOH/H2O solution, and hybridized with APTES before fiber production. The resulting nanofibers displayed smooth, uniform morphologies and nanoscale diameters, confirming the effectiveness of SB-spinning for creating hybrid systems. Rheological analyses showed that adding APTES reduced viscosity and enhanced the processability of fibroin solutions. Spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction data revealed an increased β-sheet content and crystallinity in the hybrid fibers, while thermogravimetric analysis indicated improved thermal stability. Overall, these results demonstrate that incorporating APTES effectively alters the physicochemical and structural properties of silk fibroin, enabling the production of promising nanofibrous scaffolds for biomedical applications. This study thus introduces an approach to engineering organic-inorganic hybrid biomaterials via a scalable, low-cost spinning process.

Hydrogels have emerged as one of the most important and promising strategies for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications due to their unique physicochemical properties and intrinsic biocompatibility. Among various biomaterials, albumin is one of the most abundant plasma proteins derived from blood plasma, which exhibits excellent mechanical properties, biodegradability, and high biocompatibility, enabling controlled and sustained drug release while improving drug stability, making it an ideal biomaterial for biomedical applications, as well as a suitable platform for fabricating hydrogels for drug delivery. Albumin-based hydrogel drug delivery strategies have been explored for various diseases, including cancer, wound healing, ocular disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, neurological disorders, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal conditions, and other advanced applications such as biosensors. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in albumin hydrogel in drug delivery through various strategies employed for hydrogel formation, such as physical, chemical, and enzymatic crosslinking approaches, as well as the development of albumin hybrid hydrogels. These approaches allow modification of mechanical strength, swelling behavior, and drug-release profiles to meet specific requirements. Furthermore, this review highlights the potential of albumin hydrogels for biomedical applications and therapeutic drug delivery across various disease conditions. Overall, albumin hydrogels represent an innovative biomaterial platform capable of addressing current challenges in drug delivery and improving patient outcomes through advanced biomedical applications.

Raman spectroscopy is a potent, non-destructive analytical method that exhibits molecular-level insights through the inelastic scattering of light. Due to its chemical specificity and minimal sample preparation needs, Raman spectroscopy has been widely utilized in materials science, chemistry, and biomedical research. Notwithstanding these benefits, the extensive utilization of Raman spectroscopy is constrained by various inherent and experimental obstacles, such as low scattering efficiency, fluorescence background interference, laser-induced thermal effects on samples, and inadequate signal reproducibility, especially in intricate biological and aqueous environments. This review provides a concise summary of the fundamental principles of Raman scattering, with a focus on Rayleigh, Stokes, and anti-Stokes processes. It subsequently discusses Raman activity in relation to molecular polarizability. The principal applications of Raman spectroscopy in characterizing proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids are emphasized to illustrate its significance in biological systems. Additionally, significant challenges related to Raman spectral acquisition and interpretation are examined, alongside contemporary strategies to address these limitations, including near-infrared excitation, confocal Raman microscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). This review aims to provide researchers with a fundamental understanding of Raman spectroscopy, while also presenting practical considerations and innovative solutions for improving spectral quality and analytical reliability.

3D printing has revolutionized the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, emerging as a widely adoptable strategy for the fabrication of mammalian cell-laden constructs laden with complex microenvironments. More recently, 3D printed living materials containing microorganisms have been developed. The potential for engineered 3D living materials as in vitro models for biomedical applications, such as antimicrobial susceptibility testing, is extensive; however, the need for an in-depth understanding of the relationship between the complex construct and the microorganism response still exists. Additionally, there exists a lack of multispecies engineered living material models (ELMM), which more closely mimic naturally occurring biofilms. This work includes the successful development of 3D printed single and mixed species in vitro ELMM for the development of antimicrobial therapeutics. Results successfully demonstrated the effect of maturation age on response to antimicrobial agents. Additionally, a gelatin 3D printing bath was fabricated, characterized, and yielded biomimetic 3D ELMM that could not otherwise be fabricated with low viscosity bioinks. With (1) non-traditional scaffold fabrication techniques for low viscosity bioinks, (2) enhanced understanding of the effect of biofilm maturation age on antimicrobial susceptibility, and (3) investigation into the interaction of mixed species models, 3D printed engineered living materials could provide in vitro infectious disease models for the discovery of distinct antibiofilm drugs. The results show proof-of-concept in vitro multispecies ELMM to more accurately mimic naturally occurring conditions with confirmed cell viability and maturation.

Powder bed fusion laser beam (PBF-LB) of Mg alloys shows strong potential for biodegradable, patient-specific implants. A key challenge is achieving adequate corrosion resistance and mechanical strength while maintaining biocompatibility. This study investigates whether varying hatch distance can balance these properties in PBF-LB processed WE43 (Mg-4Y-3RE-Zr; RE: rare earth elements). Optimal laser parameters were developed for hatch distances of 40, 50, and 60 μm (h40, h50, and h60), and samples were analyzed for microstructure, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties. Results showed that h60 had a weaker texture and narrower grain size distribution, with fewer grains under 200 μm2. It also had the lowest degradation rate while maintaining comparable ultimate tensile strength to h50, which had the highest degradation rate. The improved corrosion resistance in h60 was attributed to a more homogeneous distribution of Mg-RE precipitates due to fewer and more homogenously distributed grain boundaries. Extracts from h60 and control materials were used to culture osteoblasts, showing no cytotoxicity after 3 days. Notably, osteoblasts exposed to 3D-printed WE43 extracts produced more lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) than those exposed to extruded WE43, suggesting faster cell proliferation. This study demonstrates the importance of hatch distance in the PBF-LB processing of WE43, as well as its potential in balancing corrosion and tensile properties while maintaining a good in vitro cellular response of bone resident cells.

Increased mortality and escalating healthcare expenses are two major consequences of the ever-growing peril to global health posed by drug-resistant diseases in recent times. To combat these problems, it is crucial to develop suitable biocompatible materials that possess potential antibacterial properties. In this context, metal-organic frameworks are emerging candidates in overcoming antibacterial resistance, especially those composed of zinc. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterisation, and subsequent antibacterial evaluation of a zinc and 4,4'-bipyridine-based, 1D MOF, NBU-7, employing a facile solvothermal method. X-ray diffraction studies divulge the structural facets of the MOF, while spectroscopic and analytical details further augment the successful formation of the MOF. NBU-7 also displays good solubility and stability in water with low minimum inhibitory concentrations and reduced cell viability against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. Further, NBU-7 shows minimal cytotoxicity towards mammalian fibroblasts (L929), while SEM analysis reveals the ability of the Zn-MOF to rupture the bacterial cell membrane, leading to lysis. Additionally, the hemolysis assay with variable concentrations showed insignificant deviation from normal saline, depicting a hemolytic rate below 5%. These findings render NBU-7 MOF as a potential agent for antibacterial applications.

Hydrogels have emerged as promising soft materials for applications in sensing, energy storage, and wearable electronics due to their tunable physicochemical properties and intrinsic biocompatibility. The integration of two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) into hydrogel matrices has enabled the development of highly conductive, flexible, and electrochemically active composites for advanced sensing platforms. MXene-hydrogel hybrids exhibit enhanced charge transport, mechanical stability, and interfacial functionality, making them particularly attractive for electrochemical sensing applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of MXene-hydrogel composites, focusing on their design strategies, synthesis approaches, and electrochemical sensing performance. Despite these advantages, critical challenges remain, including susceptibility of MXenes to oxidation, restacking of nanosheets, limited long-term stability, and difficulties in reproducible and scalable synthesis. These limitations significantly impede their translation into practical and commercial devices. Particular emphasis is placed on identifying current bottlenecks and outlining future research directions, including the development of oxidation-resistant MXenes, advanced hybrid architectures, scalable fabrication techniques, and integration into wearable and point-of-care sensing systems. Addressing these challenges is essential for realizing the full potential of MXene-hydrogel systems in next-generation electrochemical sensing technologies.

Standard treatments for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are often ineffective in preventing recurrence. This challenge is largely attributed to the persistently high recurrence rates driven by the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we develop a dissolvable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA-PVA) microneedle patch for localized delivery of a bio-hybrid nanocomplex, MPN@Pg-OMVMel, designed to synergistically eradicate tumors and remodel the TME. The nanocomplex, formed by coating Melanin-containing bacterial outer membrane vesicles from Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg-OMVMel)with an iron-tannic acid metal-phenolic network (MPN), mediates potent photothermal therapy under 808 nm laser irradiation. Simultaneously, the MPN coating consumes intratumoral H2O2 to generate hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction, triggering ferroptosis. In murine OSCC models, this combination induces immunogenic cell death and successfully reprograms tumor-associated macrophages from a pro-tumor M2 to an anti-tumor M1 phenotype. The treatment additionally induced robust immunogenic cell death, as evidenced by calreticulin exposure and HMGB1 release, leading to enhanced dendritic cell maturation. Consequently, the treatment achieved superior tumor suppression and significantly reduced recurrence compared to controls, establishing a robust and sustained antitumor immune response. This localized platform presents a promising strategy for managing OSCC by effectively overcoming the limitations of current therapies.

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Localized chemotherapy offers a promising strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy while minimizing the systemic toxicity of conventional cancer treatment, particularly following tumor resection. Electrospun nanofibers are well suited for this purpose due to their high porosity, extracellular matrix-mimicking architecture, and capacity for localized drug release. In this study, electrospun nanofibers based on PCL and PLGA were developed for localized cancer therapy. Three distinct nanofibrous architectures were fabricated: PCL nanofibers, PCL-PLGA blended nanofibers, and PCL-PLGA multilayered (tetra-layered) nanofibers, and their encapsulation efficiency was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Scanning electron microscopy confirmed uniform, bead-free nanofibrous morphologies, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analyses verified effective polymer blending, molecular interaction, drug incorporation, and enhanced thermal stability. The incorporation of PLGA altered the degradation rate and surface wettability of the nanofibers, enabling modulation of drug release behavior. Biological evaluations demonstrated acceptable hemocompatibility, favorable interactions with RAW 264.7 macrophages, and high cytocompatibility across all formulations. Importantly, nanofiber architecture significantly influenced release profiles (curcumin dye as a model), with multilayered or blend nanofibers exhibiting reduced burst release and prolonged drug delivery compared to single-polymer systems. In addition, proliferation clonogenicity and western blotting assays confirm their corresponding high cytotoxic responses (docetaxel as a model). Overall, this work demonstrates that architectural and compositional engineering of PCL-PLGA electrospun nanofibers provides a robust and adaptable platform for localized, sustained cancer therapy.

The biomedical usefulness of graphene materials depends on their stability in blood and how they interact with plasma biomolecules. In circulation, they can bind to fibrinogen, platelets, and lipids, key players in thrombosis, potentially influencing coagulation and thrombotic risk. Homocysteine (Hcy), a sulfur-containing amino acid associated with cardiovascular disorders, plays a crucial role in platelet activation and oxidative stress, yet its interaction with graphene derivatives remains poorly understood. Given the experimental complexity of systematically screening graphene derivatives for their interactions with Hcy, computational modeling and simulations offer an efficient and reliable strategy to predict binding behavior, elucidate electronic interactions, and prioritize candidates for experimental validation. Among available computational approaches, density functional theory (DFT) provides one of the most powerful models to investigate these interactions at the molecular level. In this study, we employed DFT simulations to explore the molecular interactions between Hcy and graphene derivatives, providing insights into their electronic and structural modifications. DFT results revealed that graphene oxide (GO) interacts more strongly than pristine and amine-functionalized graphene. As their interaction might influence hemostasis and thrombosis, the effect of the GO-Hcy conjugate on blood platelet functional parameters, key events of hemostasis, was explored. The GO-Hcy conjugate promoted platelet activation and aggregation. XPS and zeta-potential analyses verified successful Hcy conjugation to GO, yielding a more negative surface charge that may influence its thrombogenicity. These results underscore the importance of graphene interactions with thrombotic components and support the design of graphene-based materials with improved biocompatibility and controlled thrombogenic responses.

Therapeutic peptides have played a huge role in chemotherapy due to their excellent biological activity and biocompatibility. However, therapeutic peptides are vulnerable to enzymatic digestion, which makes them with fast elimination in vivo. Nowadays, peptides self-assembly has become a powerful strategy for constructing nanostructures to boost their stability and bioactivity in vivo. To our knowledge, host-guest interaction-instructed in situ peptides self-assembly for biomedical applications is still rare. Herein, we intended to develop a supramolecular complex (CB[7]-FFYSV) based on the host-guest interactions between cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and N-terminal aromatic residues of a therapeutic peptide (Phe-Phe-Tyr-Ser-Val, FFYSV). CB[7]-FFYSV can release therapeutic peptide FFYSV under the competition of endogenous tumor biomarker spermine (SPM) and then FFYSV can self-assemble in situ with the formation of nanofibers for enhancing tumor treatment. CB[7]-YSV without the self-assembly ability is the control group. The stability of FFYSV was obviously improved under proteinase K after encapsulation by CB[7]. CB[7]-YSV or CB[7]-FFYSV exhibited more significant toxicity to A549 and 4T1 cells with high expression of SPM than YSV or FFYSV. CB[7]-FFYSV is more effective than CB[7]-YSV due to the self-assembly of FFYSV with the formation of dense short nanofibers with an average width of 38.5 ± 12.4 nm and a length of 431.5 ± 63.1 nm in the cytoplasm. However, YSV or FFYSV displayed obvious toxicity while CB[7]-YSV or CB[7]-FFYSV exhibited negligible toxicity to HepG2 cells with low expression of SPM. Furthermore, the SPM-instructed release and subsequent in situ self-assembly of FFYSV enhanced antitumor efficacy of YSV in vivo. We envision that the host-guest interaction-instructed in situ self-assembly will be useful for effective treatment of diseases in the future.

The intrinsic disadvantages of natural enzymes limit their practical applications. How to achieve artificial enzymes with a green process, low cost, high stability, robust catalytic activity, and excellent biocompatibility remains a great challenge. Amyloid fibrils deserve particular attention in electron transfer and biocatalysis due to their unique biochemical properties and long-range ordered structure. Inspired by the relationship between the structure and function of natural flavoenzymes, we report that lysozyme amyloid fibril (LAF) binds cofactor flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and forms a stable nanofibril complex (FMNLAF) through noncovalent interactions. Interestingly, FMNLAF exhibits NADH oxidase activity (Km, 55.3 μM; Kcat, 0.65 min-1) to generate NAD+ under physiological conditions. Possessing exceptional structural stability, FMNLAF shows enhanced activity at high temperature (60 °C) and tolerates organic solvents. In addition, FMNLAF also exhibits strong Fe3+-cyt c reductase-like activity in aerated environments. This work provides a convenient and rational strategy for designing metal-free biocatalytic systems through amyloid fibrillation, which converts a protein into an artificial enzyme.

Uveitis is a complex ocular inflammatory disorder that remains challenging to manage due to recurrent disease progression, limited drug bioavailability, and treatment-associated adverse effects. Conventional pharmacotherapy often fails to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations at target ocular tissues, necessitating frequent dosing or invasive administration routes. This review critically examines current pharmacological approaches for uveitis and highlights recent advances in formulation strategies aimed at overcoming ocular delivery barriers. Particular emphasis is placed on biomaterial-based nanotechnology platforms, including nanoemulsions, polymeric and hybrid nanoparticles, micelles, cubosomes, in-situ gels, and hydrogels, with a focus on their roles in enhancing ocular pharmacokinetics, sustained drug release, and therapeutic efficacy. In addition, emerging strategies for improving bioavailability, translational considerations, intellectual property trends, and regulatory challenges associated with advanced ocular drug delivery systems are discussed. Overall, this review provides an integrated perspective on how advanced biomaterial-enabled delivery platforms can address unmet clinical needs in uveitis management and guide future research toward clinically translatable solutions.

Curcumin-loaded HKUST-1, a copper-based metal organic framework, was synthesized and evaluated as a multifunctional platform for biomedical applications. HKUST-1 was prepared via a solvothermal method and used as a carrier for curcumin. Curcumin was loaded into HKUST-1 using mass ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, in which the amount of HKUST-1 was kept constant while the curcumin content was progressively increased to investigate its effect on the material properties. Structural analyses using FTIR and X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful curcumin incorporation while preserving the crystalline framework of HKUST-1. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that curcumin loading showed the thermal degradation pathway for all samples. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis showed that pristine HKUST-1 possessed a high surface area of 1633.12 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.76 cm3/g, which gradually decreased to 1424.74, 1258.47, and 1110.54 m2/g, respectively, after curcumin loading, confirming effective pore occupation. Among the tested formulations, the 1:1 curcumin to HKUST-1 ratio exhibited the highest drug loading capacity and loading efficiency, indicating that this ratio was the most effective for curcumin encapsulation. Biological evaluation demonstrated concentration dependent antioxidant activity, with the 1:1 formulation showing the highest radical scavenging activity of 62.22% at 200 μg/mL. MTT assay results further revealed that curcumin-loaded samples significantly improved cell viability compared to pristine HKUST-1. The curcumin loaded HKUST-1 samples also exhibited excellent antibacterial performance against E. coli and S. aureus, with inhibition rates above 99%, while showing significantly improved cell viability in human dermal fibroblasts compared with pristine HKUST-1. Overall, curcumin-loaded HKUST-1 represents a stable, biocompatible, and pH-responsive MOFs based system with strong potential for controlled drug delivery and antimicrobial applications.

The development of sustainable, bioderived, conductive ionic gels for low-temperature applications remains a critical challenge, particularly in eliminating reliance on ethylene glycol-based antifreezing agents. This study introduces a cellulose-based ionic gel system that leverages a hierarchical network of multiscale interactions to achieve exceptional mechanical robustness and ionic conductivity across a broad low temperature range (RT to -60 °C). The gel was synthesized from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) chemically conjugated with cyanobiphenyl liquid crystalline (LC) units, coordinated with ZnCl2, and covalently crosslinked with bovine serum albumin (BSA) via EDC coupling in an ionic liquid mixture. The optimized gel (25 wt % ZnCl2, 7.5 wt % BSA) delivers ionic conductivities of 11.4 mS cm-1 at 25 °C, 5.48 mS cm-1 at -20 °C, and 4.25 mS cm-1 at -40 °C, outperforming the neat ionic liquid. This unique architecture integrates (i) thermotropic LC ordering, (ii) Zn2+ mediated ionic coordination, (iii) protein-based covalent crosslinking, and (iv) hydrogen bonding and supramolecular assembly within the ionic liquid, resulting in a homogeneous and highly conductive gel. Notably, the immobilization of LC units in the isotropic phase enhances local structural order and elasticity without compromising conductivity. This work pioneers an environmentally benign, mostly bioderived, antifreeze-free ionic gel platform for applications in soft electronics, cryogenic energy devices, deep-sea and space technologies, and biomedical cryo-preservation.