Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of the aqueous extract of Cinnamomum verum in zebrafish (Danio rerio): a concentration-dependent developmental toxicity assessment.

内容摘要

Cinnamomum verum has been extensively utilized in both traditional medicinal practices and culinary preparations. Nevertheless, its safety profile concerning embryonic development remains inadequately documented. This study aimed to evaluate the embryotoxic potential and teratogenic effects of the Cinnamomum verum aqueous extract using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to a concentration range of C. verum aqueous extract spanning 0.12 mg/mL to 8.0 mg/mL. Survival and hatching rates, morphometric parameters (eye area, total length, head dimensions, distance from mouth to anus), cardiac function (heart rate and heart area), yolk sac and swim bladder areas, spontaneous movements, and caudal fin regeneration were assessed. C. verum aqueous extract induced concentration-dependent embryotoxicity characterized by reduced hatching rates and increased mortality (median lethal concentration = 1.132 mg/mL at 96 h post-fertilization). Morphological abnormalities included impaired somatic and craniofacial development. Neurodevelopmental toxicity was evidenced by decreased ocular area, reduced interocular distance, and diminished spontaneous movement. No alterations in pigmentation were observed. Cardiac function exhibited changes at higher concentrations. In addition, increased yolk sac area and reduced swim bladder size were observed at concentrations near the lethality threshold. The capacity for caudal fin regeneration remained preserved. The aqueous extract of C. verum exhibits concentration-dependent embryotoxicity and teratogenicity in zebrafish, affecting survival, morphological development, neuromuscular activity, and cardiac function. These findings suggest potential developmental risks and support further investigations into toxicity mechanisms and translational implications for vertebrate development.