Environmental science and technology: a sustainable approach to green science and technology.

内容摘要

SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH GREEN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Sustainability Natural Capital and the Quality of Life Sustainability and the Common Good The Master Equation The Goals and Priorities of Green Science and Technology Green Science Green Technology Life-Cycle Analysis The Eco-Economy and Eco-Efficiency Design for Environment Green Products and Services Twelve Principles of Green Science and Technology THE FIVE ENVIRONMENTAL SPHERES Introduction The Hydrosphere The Atmosphere The Geosphere The Biosphere The Anthrosphere Cycles of Matter GREEN CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY, AND BIOCHEMISTRY Introduction Introduction to Chemistry Atoms and Elements Elements and the Periodic Table Chemical Compounds and Chemical Bonds Dealing with Matter Quantitatively: The Mole Chemical Reactions and Equations Physical Properties and States of Matter Thermal Properties of Matter Acids, Bases, and Salts Organic Chemistry Hydrocarbons Green Chemistry Cells: Basic Units of Life Metabolism and Control in Organisms Biochemicals and Biochemistry WATER: A UNIQUE SUBSTANCE ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE A Fantastic Molecule Water as an Essential Resource Occurrence of Water Water Utilization Standing Bodies of Water Flowing Water Groundwater Impoundment and Transfer of Water Water: A Very Useful Green Substance Water Technology and Industrial Use AQUATIC BIOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY, AND CHEMISTRY Organisms in Water Life in the Ocean Life at the Interface of Seawater with Fresh Water and with Land Freshwater Life Microorganisms in Water Microorganisms and Elemental Transitions Acid-Base Phenomena in Aquatic Chemistry Phase Interactions and Solubility Oxidation-Reduction Metal Ions and Calcium in Water Complexation and Speciation of Metals KEEPING WATER GREEN Water Pollution: Green Water May Not Be So Green Nature and Types of Water Pollutants Heavy Metals Inorganic Water Pollutants Organic Water Pollutants Pesticides in Water Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Radioactive Substances in Water Municipal Water Treatment Treatment of Water for Industrial Use Wastewater Treatment Water as a Green Resource Alternative Green Uses of Water Water Technology and Industrial Use Hot Water Supercritical Water THE ATMOSPHERE: A PROTECTIVE BLANKET AROUND US Living at the Bottom of a Sea of Gas Composition of the Atmosphere The Properties of Gases The Atmosphere as a Medium for the Transfer of Mass and Energy Meteorology Weather Climate Microclimate Atmospheric Particles The Atmosphere as a Reservoir of Natural Capital ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry Photochemical Processes Chain Reactions in the Atmosphere Oxidation Processes in the Atmosphere Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere Air Pollution Environmental Fate and Transport in the Atmosphere Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen Carbon Oxides Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen and its Oxides Sulfur Compounds in the Atmosphere Fluorine, Chlorine, and their Gaseous Inorganic Compounds Water in Atmospheric Chemistry Atmospheric Particles and Atmospheric Chemistry Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere Photochemical Smog SUSTAINING AN ATMOSPHERE FOR LIFE ON EARTH Blue Skies for a Green Earth Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Green Science and Technology to Alleviate Global Warming Drought and Desertification Green Science and Technology to Combat Desertification Acid Precipitation Green Remedies for Acid Precipitation Stratospheric Ozone Destruction Green Solutions to Stratospheric Ozone Destruction Photochemical Smog Catastrophic Atmospheric Events Literature Cited THE GEOSPHERE The Geosphere The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere The Restless Earth Sediments Interaction with the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere Life Support by the Geosphere Geochemistry Water on and in the Geosphere Economic Ecology Geospheric Resources Geospheric Sources of Useful Minerals Evaluation of Mineral Resources Extraction and Mining Metals Nonmetal Mineral Resources How Long Will Essential Minerals Last? Green Sources of Minerals SOIL, AGRICULTURE, AND FOOD PRODUCTION Agriculture Soil: Essential for Life, Key to Sustainability Soil Formation and Horizons Soil Macrostructure and Microstructure Inorganic and Organic Matter in Soil Nutrients and Fertilizers in Soil Soil and the Biosphere Wastes and Pollutants in Soil Soil Loss and Deterioration Soil Conservation and Restoration Shifting Cultivation: Slash and Burn Process Intensification in Agriculture Sustainable Agricultural Management Agroforestry Protein from Plants and Animals Agricultural Applications of Genetically Modified Organisms GEOSPHERIC HAZARDS AND SUSTAINING A GREEN GEOSPHERE Managing the Geosphere Earthquakes Volcanoes Surface Processes The Vulnerable Coasts Engineering Geology The Cryosphere and Vanishing Permafrost Construction in the Geosphere Digging in the Dirt Modifying the Geosphere to Manage Water Derelict Lands and Brownfields: Recycling Land THE BIOSPHERE: ECOSYSTEMS AND BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES Life and the Biosphere Organisms and Green Science and Technology Ecology and Life Systems What is a Biological Community? Physical Characteristics and Conditions Effects of Climate Species Populations Survival of Life Systems, Productivity, Diversity, and Resilience Relationships Among Species Changing Communities Human Effects Human Actions to Preserve and Improve Life on Earth Laws and Regulations Organisms Interacting with Foreign Chemicals Biodegradation TOXIC FFECTS ON ORGANISMS AND TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Toxic Substances and Green Science and Technology Dose-Response Relationships Relative Toxicities Reversibility and Sensitivity Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, Immune System Effects, and Reproductive Effects Health Hazards BIOPRODUCTIVITY FOR A GREENER FUTURE From Biomaterials to Petroleum and Back Again Types of Biomaterials Plant Productivity Genetic Material and its Manipulation Genetic Engineering Biomaterials and Their Processing Feedstocks Glucose Feedstock Cellulose Feedstock Lignin Feedstock Chemical Production by Biosynthesis Direct Biosynthesis of Polymers THE ANTHROSPHERE AS PART OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT The Earth as Made by Humans Constructs in the Anthrosphere Anthrospheric Flows Anthrospheric Conduits Infrastructure Transportation The Communications Revolution Technology and Engineering Acquisition of Raw Materials Agriculture -The Most Basic Industry Industries Materials Science Automation Robotics Computers and Technology Thinking Small: Micromachines and Nanotechnology High Tech INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE UTILIZATION Introduction The Old, Unsustainable Way Earth Systems Engineering and Management The Emergence of Industrial Ecology The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem Industrial Metabolism Materials Flow and Recycling in an Industrial Ecosystem The Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem Environmental Impacts and Wastes Three Key Attributes: Energy, Materials, Diversity Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop Life-Cycle Assessment Consumable, Recyclable, and Service (Durable) Products Design for Environment Inherent Safety Twelve Principles of Green Engineering ADEQUATE, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: KEY TO SUSTAINABILITY Introduction Nature of Energy Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere Energy Devices and Conversions Green Technology and Energy Conversion Efficiency The Energy Problem World Energy Resources Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Sources Petroleum and Natural Gas Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization Nuclear Energy Geothermal Energy The Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source Hydrogen as a Means to Store and Utilize Energy Energy From Moving Air and Moving Water Biomass Energy Combined Power Cycles